Gene registry | Biosafety Clearing-House

Record ID	Name	Trait(s)	Donor organism	Function
bch-gene-scbd-110890-1	1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the 2 position. This enzyme can utilize either acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP as the fatty acyl donor
bch-gene-scbd-110888-1	1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the 2 position. This enzyme can utilize either acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP as the fatty acyl donor
bch-gene-scbd-110889-1	1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)	Limnanthes douglasii - Douglas' meadowfoam, Poached egg plant, LIMDO	The lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene from Limnanthes douglasii catalyses the linkage of erucic acid to the sn-2 position of lysophosphatidic acid. Expression of LPAAT in the seeds of genetically modified oilseed rape leads to significantly increased levels of the trigyceride Trierucin.
bch-gene-scbd-15012-5	1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)	Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA	The ACC gene encodes for the carnation 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase which is required for normal ethylene biosynthesis which affects the rate of ripening in plants.
bch-gene-scbd-15014-7	1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)	Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC	The ACC gene encodes a truncated copy of the tomato 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase encoding gene in order to suppress expression of the endogenous unmodified gene (which is required for normal ethylene biosynthesis) through gene silencing.
bch-gene-scbd-15013-4	1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)	Pseudomonas chlororaphis - PSECL	The ACCD gene encodes the enzyme ACCD. In the plant, this enzyme catalyzes metabolism of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-arboxylic acid (ACC), an essential precursor for the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene.
bch-gene-scbd-111938-2	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase fragment	Double-stranded RNA	Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO
bch-gene-scbd-102612-3	16S rRNA gene promoter	Promoter	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
bch-gene-scbd-102615-4	16S rRNA gene promoter	Promoter	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
bch-gene-scbd-116046-1	19-kDa zein gene terminator	Terminator	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-111081-2	2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase 1	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production,Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX	In plant cells a glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), is phosphorylated by hexokinase to form 2-DOG-6-phosphate, which competes with glucose-6-phosphate causing cell death through the inhibition of glycolysis, protein synthesis, cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and also protein glycosylation. DOGR1 gene, which has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain S288C, encodes 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. The enzyme has the ability to convert toxic 2-DOG-6-phosphate to non-toxic products through dephosphorylation. Therefore, transformed plant cells which carry the DOGR1 gene can be selected on medium containing 2-DOG.
bch-gene-scbd-115829-2	27 kDa gamma-zein seed storage protein signal peptide	Promoter	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-116051-1	27-kDA gamma zein terminator	Terminator	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-103622-5	27kD gamma-zein Promoter	Promoter	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-104339-3	2xOCS:35S Promoter	Promoter	-
bch-gene-scbd-15033-8	3"(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenyltransferase	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to antibiotics (Streptomycin)	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The aadA gene confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics such as spectinomycin and streptomycin. The enzyme adenylates either the 3’-hydroxy on the amino-hexose III ring of streptomycin or the 9-hydroxyl on the actinamine ring of spectinomycin Typically used as a marker gene.
bch-gene-scbd-114726-2	3' Noncoding region of Yellow fever virus	Terminator	Yellow fever virus - YFV 17D
bch-gene-scbd-115844-2	3' untranslated region of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase	Terminator	Setaria italica - Foxtail millet, Italian millet
bch-gene-scbd-115852-2	3' untranslated region of glycine-rich RNA binding-protein 3	Terminator	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-114701-3	3' Untranslated region of Histone 4	Terminator	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
bch-gene-scbd-115850-2	3' untranslated region of no apical meristem domain containing protein	Terminator	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-109068-1	30S ribosomal protein S16 gene terminator	Terminator	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
bch-gene-scbd-260479-1	3xP3 promoter	Promoter	Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
bch-gene-scbd-104793-3	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides	Pseudomonas fluorescens - PSEFL	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) catalyses the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate which is the aromatic precursor of tocopherol and plastoquinone, which are essential to the photosynthetic transport chain and antioxidative systems. This reaction involves decarboxylation, substituent migration and aromatic oxygenation in a single catalytic cycle. To enhance the protein's tolerance against HPPD inhibitors a point mutation was introduced into the coding sequence such that a replacement of the amino acid glycine with a tryptophane at position 336 was introduced, as described by Boudec et al. (2001)
bch-gene-scbd-103900-3	4ocs∆Mas2' promoter	Promoter	-
bch-gene-scbd-114711-2	5' Noncoding region of Yellow fever virus	5' Untranslated region	Yellow fever virus - YFV 17D
bch-gene-scbd-100354-6	5' untranslated leader from chlorophyll a/b-binding protein	Leader sequence	Triticum aestivum - Wheat
bch-gene-scbd-103886-2	5' Untranslated Leader of AMV RNA4	Leader	Alfalfa mosaic virus - Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV
bch-gene-scbd-101901-3	5' untranslated leader of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein	Leader	Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
bch-gene-scbd-114699-2	5' Untranslated region from Potato Virus X	5' Untranslated Region	Potato virus X - PVX
bch-gene-scbd-115355-3	5' untranslated region of α-globulin B	Promoter	Gossypium hirsutum - Cotton
bch-gene-scbd-104947-3	5'e1 Leader	Leader	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-101026-4	5'e1 promoter	Promoter	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-259059-1	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase G10	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Deinococcus radiodurans R1 -	The protein catalyzes the transfer of the enolpyruvyl moiety of phosphoenolpyruvate to the 5-hydroxyl of shikimate-3-phosphate to produce enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. The protein is part of the shikimate biosynthetic pathway (aromatic amino acid biosynthesis) and does not bind the herbicide glyphosate with strong affinity (unlike endogenous EPSPS proteins in plants). Thus, when used in biotechnology, it can confer tolerance to glyphosate. Note: the sequence may have been modified from the aroA (epsps) gene sequence in Deinococcus radiodurans.
bch-gene-scbd-14979-7	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium	The cp4 epsps gene was isolated from the CP4 strain of the common soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens . The enzyme encoded by the sequence is a version of EPSPS that is highly tolerant to inhibition by glyphosate and therefore leads to increased tolerance to glyphosate-containing herbicides. The following reaction is catalyzed by EPSPS: 3-phosphoshikimate + phosphoenolpyruvate = 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate + phosphate Glyphosate specifically binds to and inactivates the enzyme EPSPS, which is part of an important plant biochemical pathway called the shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, as well as other aromatic compounds. When plants are treated with glyphosate herbicides they cannot produce the aromatic amino acids that are essential to their survival and, therefore, die. LMOs containing the glyphosate-tolerant epsps gene allow farmers to use glyphosate-containing herbicides for weed control, which will kill the weeds but not the LMO.
bch-gene-scbd-106246-1	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Dickeya dadantii - DICDA	Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
bch-gene-scbd-105184-2	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)	Salmonella typhimurium - SALTM	Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.
bch-gene-scbd-103857-3	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase leader	Leader	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-45463-4	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
bch-gene-scbd-101942-3	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Arthrobacter globiformis - Arthrobacter	The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
bch-gene-scbd-45913-4	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
bch-gene-scbd-46333-8	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
bch-gene-scbd-103911-3	5126 anther-specific promoter	Promoter	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-110264-1	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene promoter	Promoter	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
bch-gene-scbd-110266-2	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene terminator	Terminator	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
bch-gene-scbd-110265-1	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea)	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine.
bch-gene-scbd-110261-1	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene Promoter	Promoter	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
bch-gene-scbd-110262-1	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene terminator	Terminator	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
bch-gene-scbd-110260-1	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea)	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine.
bch-gene-scbd-15164-9	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (Chimeric)	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Native ALS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However S4-HrA is a chimeric gene derived from two different tobacco ALS genes that both encoded herbicide sensitive versions of ALS. Two resistance mutations were introduced into one of the ALS genes (Pro191Ala and Trp568Leu) via site directed mutagenesis. The DNA fragment containing the resistance mutations was then moved into the second ALS gene through a restriction enzyme fragment.
bch-gene-scbd-103932-4	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene promoter	Promoter	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-104876-4	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene Promoter	Promoter	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-103933-4	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene terminator	Terminator	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-103896-5	Acetohydroxy acid Synthase gene Terminator	Terminator	Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
bch-gene-scbd-100390-7	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene terminator	Terminator	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
bch-gene-scbd-104878-4	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene Terminator	Terminator	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-48073-8	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea)	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A common mutant form of the ahas gene was isolated from a herbicide-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana which differs from the wild type gene by only a single base pair. A "G" to "A" point mutation results in a single amino acid substitution in which the serine residue at position 653 is replaced by asparagine (S653N) Tests using the mutant isoform of the ahas gene showed that it confers tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides in plants. The ahas mutant isoform may, therefore, be used as a selectable marker in transgenic plants.
bch-gene-scbd-100268-6	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)	Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN	Acetohydroxy acid synthase (also known as acetolactate synthase) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine The gm-hra gene has been modified by site directed mutagenesis (P183A and W560L) from the native soybean als gene and encodes a version of the enzyme that is tolerant to als inhibitors such as sulfonylurea herbicide. It also contains 15 additional nucleotides from the native als gene 5'UTR.
bch-gene-scbd-15177-7	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Chlorsulfuron, Sulfonylurea)	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Native ALS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However a naturally occurring mutation causes the production of an altered form of ALS (designated SuRB) that is insensitive to inhibition by sulfonylurea herbicides.
bch-gene-scbd-104877-4	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A common mutant form of the ahas gene which differs from the wild type gene by two mutations W548L and S627I results in an enzyme that has tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides in plants. The ahas mutant isoform may, therefore, be used as a selectable marker in transgenic plants.
bch-gene-scbd-104672-4	Acetohydroxy acid synthase promoter	Promoter	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
bch-gene-scbd-103926-4	Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene promoter	Promoter	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-48364-5	Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	The acetolactate synthase enzyme (ALS) plays a key role in the biochemical pathways of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. The application of ALS-inhibiting herbicides blocks this synthesis pathway. Lack of the aforementioned amino acids interferes with protein synthesis, causing the plant to die off.This gene encodes a modified acetolactate synthase, which confers tolerance to several acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as, for example, sulfonylurea.
bch-gene-scbd-102613-4	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase large subunit	Protein coding sequence \| Homologous recombination	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	ACC catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is needed as a co-substrate in the fatty acids biosynthesis.
bch-gene-scbd-104517-2	Actin 2 promoter	Promoter	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-115757-2	Actin 2 terminator	Terminator	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-103761-2	Actin 5c gene Promotor	Promoter	Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
bch-gene-scbd-103909-3	Actin 8 Intron 1	Intron	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-103908-4	Actin 8 Leader sequence	Leader sequence	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-103907-3	Actin 8 promoter	Promoter	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-110891-1	Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower	Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.
bch-gene-scbd-110892-1	Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B promoter	Promoter	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
bch-gene-scbd-110893-1	Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B terminator	Terminator	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
bch-gene-scbd-101362-4	Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase ClFatB4	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower	Acyl-acyl carrier protein (Acyl-ACP) thioesterases (TE) hydrolyse the thioester ligation between the ACP (acyl carrier protein) and the synthesised acyl chain in fatty acid biosynthesis. Myristic and palmitic-[ACP] are substrates of the Cuphea lanceolata-derived enzyme which is encoded by the acyl-[ACP] thioesterase gene (ClFatB4). As a result of the formation of this enzyme the oil produced in the seeds of the genetically modified (GM) plants contains myristic acid (C14:0), and increased levels of palmitic acid (C16:0). Myristic and palmitic acids, the fatty acids formed by this enzyme occur naturally in some plant oils used for human consumption (e.g. coconut oil). There is currently no evidence pointing at a toxic effect from either the enzyme or the new metabolic product. When used in modern biotechnology the introduced acyl-[ACP] thiosterase is expected to catalyse a reaction similar to that of corresponding enzymes occuring naturally in the seeds of other (wild and cultivated) plant species.
bch-gene-scbd-103920-1	Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase promoter	Promoter	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
bch-gene-scbd-103921-1	Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase Terminator	Terminator	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
bch-gene-scbd-115338-3	Acyl-homoserine lactonase CHB37	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to diseases and pests (Bacteria),Resistance to Gram-negative bacteria	Bacillus cereus CHB37 -	The enzyme hydrolyzes N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) molecules secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Erwinia mallotivora . AHLs have been determined to be the principle signalling molecule involved in quorum sensing (cell-to-cell communication) in Gram-negative bacteria and are essential for survival and regulation of virulence genes. Bacteria lacking AHLs are non-pathogenic.
bch-gene-scbd-115339-1	Acyl-homoserine lactonase SP24	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to diseases and pests (Bacteria),Resistance to Gram-negative bacteria	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The enzyme hydrolyzes N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) molecules secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Erwinia mallotivora . AHLs have been determined to be the principle signalling molecule involved in quorum sensing (cell-to-cell communication) in Gram-negative bacteria and are essential for survival and regulation of virulence genes. Bacteria lacking AHLs are non-pathogenic.
bch-gene-scbd-115649-2	Acyl-lipid (7-3)-desaturase	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids),Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) (Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g. DHA))	Pavlova lutheri -	Acyl-lipid (7-3)-desaturase creates a double bond at the fourth position from the carboxyl end of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3), converting it into docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3). The enzyme can additionally catalyze the conversion of 22:4n-6 into 22:5n-6 .
bch-gene-scbd-110931-1	Acyl-lipid ∆12-desaturase coding sequence	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to diseases and pests (Fungi),Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)	Synechocystis sp. - Cyanobacteria, SYNYX	Acyl-lipid desaturases introduce double bonds into fatty acid moieties that have been esterified to glycerolipids, which are located in the endoplasmic reticulum, the chloroplast membrane in plant cells and the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacterial cells. This type desaturase is the most efficient regulator of the unsaturation level of membrane lipids in response to temperature change In transgenic plants acyl-lipid ∆12-desaturase expression increases their tolerance to prolonged exposure of low positive temperatures and ensures resistance to fungal pathogens and wounding.
bch-gene-scbd-111572-1	Adenylate kinase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Yield)	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Adenylate kinases catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphates (ATP) to adenosine monophosphates (AMP) to yield adenosine diphosphates (ADP). Therefore the enzyme is essential for homeostasis of adenosine phosphates - maintaining the energetic equilibrium of the organism.
bch-gene-scbd-106420-1	ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene promoter	Promoter	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
bch-gene-scbd-109218-1	ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene terminator	Terminator	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-104660-3	AHAS Chloroplast Transit Peptide	Transit signal	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-115846-2	Albino and pale green 6 target sequence	Transit signal	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-104337-2	Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 1	Intron	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-103867-1	Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 2	Intron	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-103625-2	Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 6	Intron	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
bch-gene-scbd-110414-1	Alcohol dehydrogenase 5′UTR	Enhancer	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
bch-gene-scbd-104870-2	Alcohol dehydrogenase gene 5'UTR	Leader	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-111202-1	Alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter	Promoter	Aspergillus nidulans - EMEND
bch-gene-scbd-115247-2	Alcohol dehydrogenase intron	Intron	Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
bch-gene-scbd-106441-1	Alcohol oxidase 1 gene promoter	Promoter	Pichia pastoris - Yeast, PICPA
bch-gene-scbd-106442-1	Alcohol oxidase 1 gene terminator	Terminator	Pichia pastoris - Yeast, PICPA
bch-gene-scbd-111201-1	alcR transactivator gene	Protein coding sequence \| Transcription regulation	Aspergillus nidulans - EMEND	The alcR gene of Aspergillus nidulans encodes a protein with a zinc finger motif, the AlcR activator protein/ AlcR transactivator. In the presence of ethanol, AlcR specifically binds DNA motifs of the ethanol regulon of A.nidulans, inducing the expression of the genes of this regulon. This ethanol pathway is a highly inducible gene system, the so-called alc system, responsible for the utilization of ethanol as sole source of carbon in A.nidulans.
bch-gene-scbd-111593-1	Alkaline phosphatase transit peptide	Transit signal	Escherichia coli - ECOLX
bch-gene-scbd-116048-1	All-stop codon sequence	Terminator	-
bch-gene-scbd-108877-1	Alpha Tubulin Gene promoter	Promoter	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-108880-1	Alpha Tubulin Gene terminator	Terminator	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
bch-gene-scbd-112606-1	Alpha-amylase 3 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)	Manihot esculenta - Cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, Yuca, Manioc, Mandioca, MANES	The plastidial alpha amylase gene (AMY3) is involved in the release of branched malto‐olicosaccharides from the starch granule.
bch-gene-scbd-104334-2	Alpha-amylase gene promoter	Promoter	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
bch-gene-scbd-109359-2	Alpha-amylase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)	Bacillus licheniformis - BACLI	Alpha–amylase helps to degrade starch by hydrolysing the alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds of oligo- and polysaccharides. Besides in bacteria, it is also found in fungi, higher plants and animals. Amylase is commonly used in the fermentation and baking industry. The transferred alpha–amylase from B. licheniformis is characterised by high heat resistance and a broad pH optimum.
bch-gene-scbd-111543-1	Alpha-amylase signal peptide	Transit signal	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
bch-gene-scbd-105057-3	Alpha-amylase	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Reproduction, Male sterility)	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Alpha-amylases belong to a family of glycosyl-hydrolases catalyzing hydrolysis of (1-4)-α-Dglucosidic linkages in polysaccharide molecules, such as starch.
bch-gene-scbd-106425-1	Alpha-glucan water dikinase R1 gene promoter	Promoter	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
bch-gene-scbd-46091-2	Alpha-hordothionine gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to diseases and pests (Fungi)	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	Thionins are a class of small(45– 47 amino acids), anti fungal, highly basic, cysteine-rich proteins. An in vitro type-1 α-HTH treatment of Neurospora crassa hyphae resulted in increased calcium ion uptake and permeabilization of the fungal membrane, leading to rupture.
bch-gene-scbd-111203-2	Amino acid permease 1 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	AAP1 in involved in the long-distance transport of amino acids from leaves to tubers. A reduced expression of CS-aap1-SOLTU in the source leaves of transgenic potatoes leads to a reduction of the amino acid content in the tubers.
bch-gene-scbd-48368-4	Amino acid permease 1 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)	Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean	The Vfaap1 gene from Vicia faba encodes an amino acid permease. Amino acid permeases transport amino acids from the plant vascular tissue into the symplasts of plant cells. They are differentially expressed according to plant development and tissue, and exhibit a range of specificity patterns for amino acids. In the donor organism, Vicia faba, the Vfaa1 gene is expressed predominantly in the storage parenchyma cells of the cotyledons in developing seeds, particularly in early development. The strongest expression of Vfaap1 precedes the beginning of the expression of storage protein genes. VfAAP1 mediates the transport of a range of amino acids (mainly cysteine, arginine, glutamine, serine, leucine, methionine, histidine, glycine and threonine) with particular emphasis on cysteine.
bch-gene-scbd-103860-1	Amino acid permease 1 Terminator	Terminator	Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean
bch-gene-scbd-111295-1	Amino acid permease 2 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	AAP2 is thought to be involved in the long-distance transport of amino acids from leaves to tubers.
bch-gene-scbd-104887-2	Aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)	Carica papaya - Papaya, Pawpaw, Papaw, CARPA	ACO2, encoding for the ACC oxidase enzyme, plays an important role in ethylene biosynthesis pathway. It oxidises 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate in the presence of ascorbate and oxygen to produce ethylene gas which has a role in the fruit ripening process.
bch-gene-scbd-14967-2	Aminoglycoside 3 phosphotransferase II	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to antibiotics (Kanamycin),Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The aphII gene confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. Typically used as a marker gene.
bch-gene-scbd-14966-7	amy797E alpha amylase	Protein coding sequence \| Thermostable alpha-amylase,Use in industrial applications (Biofuel production)	Thermococcales spp. - Thermococcus	The amy797E gene encodes a thermostable alpha-amylase. Alpha-amylases catalyse the hydrolysis of starch by cleaving the internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of starch into dextrins, maltose and glucose (saccharification). Splitting starch into sugar is the first step in producing bioethanol from plants. Plants like maize naturally contain their own amylases. They get destroyed, however, when maize is subjected to high temperatures for ethanol production. Typically, supplemental amylase preparations must be added. Heat stable amalyse makes this step unneccessary.
bch-gene-scbd-114712-2	Anchored core protein C	Protein coding sequence	Yellow fever virus - YFV 17D	Anchored protein C (ancC) binds the host cell membrane and gathers the viral RNA genome to form the core of the mature viral particles. During viral entry into the host cell, the protein may induce genome penetration into host cytoplasm. Furthermore, ancC can migrate to the nucleus to modulate host functions. AncC (nucleotide position 119..481) also contains protein C (nucleotide position 119..421), which is produced upon further processing by the host cell and interferes with host Dicer to prevent RNA interference.
bch-gene-scbd-105427-1	Anthocyanidin synthase gene promoter	Promoter	Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA
bch-gene-scbd-105424-1	Anthocyanidin synthase gene terminator	Terminator	Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA
bch-gene-scbd-110487-1	Anthocyanin 3-aromatic acyltransferase gene promoter	Promoter	Perilla frutescens - Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR
bch-gene-scbd-110411-1	Anthocyanin 3-aromatic acyltransferase gene terminator	Terminator	Perilla frutescens - Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR
bch-gene-scbd-43794-3	Anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Pigmentation / Coloration)	Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN	Anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase is an enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway that alters the production of a type of anthocyanin called delphinidin.
bch-gene-scbd-105436-1	Anthocyanin-3',5'-methyltransferase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin), Pigmentation / Coloration)	Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN	Anthocyanin-3',5'-methyltransferase (AMT) methylates delphinidin-3-glucoside to produce petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside.
bch-gene-scbd-104722-2	Antifreeze Polypeptide Promoter	Promoter	Zoarces americanus - Ocean pout, Poodler, Mother-of-eels, Muttonfish, North-Atlantic ocean pout, ZOAAM
bch-gene-scbd-104724-2	Antifreeze Polypeptide Terminator	Terminator	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha - Chinook Salmon, King Salmon, ONCTS
bch-gene-scbd-48365-2	Apyrase-gene	Protein coding sequence \| Other growth, development and product quality	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Apyrases are enzymes that transform NTP (nucleoside triphosphates) via NDP to NMP without triggering an endergonic reaction in the process. These enzymes have been identified in the tissues of animals, plants (among others in Arabidopsis thaliana, legumes and potatoes) and fungi and apparently have predominantly regulatory functions. Double knockout mutations of both apyrase genes from A. thaliana inhibit pollen germination and give rise to male sterile plants. Apyrases play a role in the formation of nodules in leguminous plants, and are also thought to be involved in phosphate uptake. Regulation of transporters that, amongst other things, facilitate the transport of xenobiotics out of the plant cell has been demonstrated for plant apyrases. The blocking of apyrase by specific inhibitors increases the sensitivity of the plants to different herbicides, as well as the concentration of the applied herbicides in the plants. Over-expression of the apyrase psNTP9 from Pisum sativum in A. thaliana increases the resistance of the plants to herbicides and phytohormones. Apyrase activity in the potato tubers is very high and is probably localised in the area of the cell wall. Together with other enzymes that influence the ATP/ADP/AMP ratio, apyrase activity is suspected to have a regulatory effect on starch biosynthesis in the potato tubers.
bch-gene-scbd-114695-4	Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiania tabacum chimeric Rubisco activase	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in physiology and/or production (Growth rate, Yield),Increased photosynthetic rate,Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubsico) activase (RCase) facilitates activation of and the maintenance of Rubisco activity by using ATP hydrolysis to release tightly bound sugar phosphates from the catalytic sites of Rubisco. Tobacco ( N. tabacum ) RCase is known for being heat stable, thus the chimeric protein was created to confer thermostability to the protein. A domain consisting of residues 267–334 in tobacco RCase were replaced by the corresponding Arabidopsis domain. Previously, overexpression of this chimeric protein promoted better growth and higher rates of photosynthesis under high temperatures.
bch-gene-scbd-115644-1	Arcelin-5 promoter	Promoter	Phaseolus vulgaris - String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean, PHAVU
bch-gene-scbd-115646-1	Arcelin-5 terminator	Terminator	Phaseolus vulgaris - String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean, PHAVU
bch-gene-scbd-115648-1	Argonaute 4 intron	Intron	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-104941-3	ArsR binding site	Binding Site	Escherichia coli - ECOLX
bch-gene-scbd-104939-2	ArsR gene	Protein coding sequence \| Tolerance to abiotic stress	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The gene arsR stems from the E. coli-specific plasmid R773 and encodes for a transcriptional regulator with binding sites for arsenic compounds. It is a repressor protein that binds to its promoter in the absence of arsenic compounds therefore repressing the expression of downstream genes. Arsenic compounds that are taken up by bacterial cells form a complex with ArsR, thereby allosterically preventing the association of ArsR with the promoter. Thus, the transcription of downstream genes is induced.
bch-gene-scbd-104940-2	ArsR Promoter	Promoter	Escherichia coli - ECOLX
bch-gene-scbd-104805-2	Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides	Delftia acidovorans - DELAC	The AAD-12 protein is an enzyme with an alpha ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity which results in metabolic inactivation of the herbicides of the aryloxyalkanoate family.
bch-gene-scbd-104812-3	Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene	Protein coding sequence \| Resistance to herbicides,Tolerance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,Tolerance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate	Sphingobium herbicidovorans - SPHHE	The aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1) enzyme is able to degrade the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) herbicides, in an alpha.-ketoglutarate-dependent, enantiospecific manner.
bch-gene-scbd-106421-1	Asparagine synthetase-1 gene	Protein coding sequence \| Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Asparagine synthetase is an enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate.
bch-gene-scbd-115261-4	At1g01170 intron	Intron	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-115631-1	At1g62290 locus intron	Intron	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-115347-2	At1g65090 intron	Intron	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-115270-3	At5g63190 intron	Intron	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
bch-gene-scbd-115117-2	ATM protein kinase	Protein coding sequence \| Impaired DNA repair mechanisms,Sensitivity to DNA damaging agents	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to serine or threonine residues and is activated upon perception of genotoxic stresses (e.g. ionizing radiation). ATM primarily responds to double stranded DNA breaks. The kinase phosphorylates histone variant H2AX to form H2AXS139ph at double strand breaks. The protein becomes activated in response to stress-induced damage in somatic cells and DNA damage during meiosis. ATM has also been implicated in cellular responses to telomere dysfunction. ATM works synergistically with RUG3 during the DNA damage response.
bch-gene-scbd-114702-1	ATPase terminator	Terminator	Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC
bch-gene-scbd-115116-2	ATR serine/threonine kinase	Protein coding sequence \| Impaired DNA repair,Sensitivity to DNA damaging agents	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR (ATR) catalyzes the addition of a phosphorate to serine or threonine residues. The protein plays a central role in cell-cycle regulation at the G2 phase checkpoint in response to single stranded DNA, DNA damage, and/or a replication block, but is not required for G2-arrest. This protein functions by transmitting DNA damage signals to downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression. Research has suggested that ATR may phosphorylate histone variant H2AX to form H2AXS139ph at sites of DNA damage to regulate the DNA damage response mechanism. ATR is also required for the basal expression of RNR1 (ribonucleotide reductase large subunit) and for effective immune responses that involve the activation of DNA damage responses, as well as acting with telomerase to maintain telomeric DNA tracts. However, ATR is not required for telomere length homeostasis.
bch-gene-scbd-108282-1	Atrial natriuretic factor coding sequence	Protein coding sequence \| Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal)	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a powerf

1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the 2 position. This enzyme can utilize either acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP as the fatty acyl donor

bch-gene-scbd-110888-1

1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the 2 position. This enzyme can utilize either acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP as the fatty acyl donor

bch-gene-scbd-110889-1

1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)

Limnanthes douglasii - Douglas' meadowfoam, Poached egg plant, LIMDO

The lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene from Limnanthes douglasii catalyses the linkage of erucic acid to the sn-2 position of lysophosphatidic acid. Expression of LPAAT in the seeds of genetically modified oilseed rape leads to significantly increased levels of the trigyceride Trierucin.

bch-gene-scbd-15012-5

1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)

Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA

The ACC gene encodes for the carnation 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase which is required for normal ethylene biosynthesis which affects the rate of ripening in plants.

bch-gene-scbd-15014-7

1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)

Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC

The ACC gene encodes a truncated copy of the tomato 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase encoding gene in order to suppress expression of the endogenous unmodified gene (which is required for normal ethylene biosynthesis) through gene silencing.

bch-gene-scbd-15013-4

1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)

Pseudomonas chlororaphis - PSECL

The ACCD gene encodes the enzyme ACCD. In the plant, this enzyme catalyzes metabolism of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-arboxylic acid (ACC), an essential precursor for the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene.

bch-gene-scbd-111938-2

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase fragment

Double-stranded RNA

Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO

bch-gene-scbd-102612-3

16S rRNA gene promoter

Promoter

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

bch-gene-scbd-102615-4

16S rRNA gene promoter

Promoter

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

bch-gene-scbd-116046-1

19-kDa zein gene terminator

Terminator

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-111081-2

2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase 1

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production,Selectable marker genes and reporter genes

Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX

In plant cells a glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), is phosphorylated by hexokinase to form 2-DOG-6-phosphate, which competes with glucose-6-phosphate causing cell death through the inhibition of glycolysis, protein synthesis, cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and also protein glycosylation. DOGR1 gene, which has been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain S288C, encodes 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate. The enzyme has the ability to convert toxic 2-DOG-6-phosphate to non-toxic products through dephosphorylation. Therefore, transformed plant cells which carry the DOGR1 gene can be selected on medium containing 2-DOG.

bch-gene-scbd-115829-2

27 kDa gamma-zein seed storage protein signal peptide

Promoter

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-116051-1

27-kDA gamma zein terminator

Terminator

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-103622-5

27kD gamma-zein Promoter

Promoter

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-104339-3

2xOCS:35S Promoter

Promoter

-

bch-gene-scbd-15033-8

3"(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenyltransferase

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to antibiotics (Streptomycin)

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

The aadA gene confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics such as spectinomycin and streptomycin. The enzyme adenylates either the 3’-hydroxy on the amino-hexose III ring of streptomycin or the 9-hydroxyl on the actinamine ring of spectinomycin Typically used as a marker gene.

bch-gene-scbd-114726-2

3' Noncoding region of Yellow fever virus

Terminator

Yellow fever virus - YFV 17D

bch-gene-scbd-115844-2

3' untranslated region of fructose-bisphosphate aldolase

Terminator

Setaria italica - Foxtail millet, Italian millet

bch-gene-scbd-115852-2

3' untranslated region of glycine-rich RNA binding-protein 3

Terminator

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-114701-3

3' Untranslated region of Histone 4

Terminator

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

bch-gene-scbd-115850-2

3' untranslated region of no apical meristem domain containing protein

Terminator

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-109068-1

30S ribosomal protein S16 gene terminator

Terminator

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

bch-gene-scbd-260479-1

3xP3 promoter

Promoter

Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly

bch-gene-scbd-104793-3

4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides

Pseudomonas fluorescens - PSEFL

4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) catalyses the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate which is the aromatic precursor of tocopherol and plastoquinone, which are essential to the photosynthetic transport chain and antioxidative systems. This reaction involves decarboxylation, substituent migration and aromatic oxygenation in a single catalytic cycle. To enhance the protein's tolerance against HPPD inhibitors a point mutation was introduced into the coding sequence such that a replacement of the amino acid glycine with a tryptophane at position 336 was introduced, as described by Boudec et al. (2001)

bch-gene-scbd-103900-3

4ocs∆Mas2' promoter

Promoter

-

bch-gene-scbd-114711-2

5' Noncoding region of Yellow fever virus

5' Untranslated region

Yellow fever virus - YFV 17D

bch-gene-scbd-100354-6

5' untranslated leader from chlorophyll a/b-binding protein

Leader sequence

Triticum aestivum - Wheat

bch-gene-scbd-103886-2

5' Untranslated Leader of AMV RNA4

Leader

Alfalfa mosaic virus - Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV

bch-gene-scbd-101901-3

5' untranslated leader of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein

Leader

Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY

bch-gene-scbd-114699-2

5' Untranslated region from Potato Virus X

5' Untranslated Region

Potato virus X - PVX

bch-gene-scbd-115355-3

5' untranslated region of α-globulin B

Promoter

Gossypium hirsutum - Cotton

bch-gene-scbd-104947-3

5'e1 Leader

Leader

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-101026-4

5'e1 promoter

Promoter

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-259059-1

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase G10

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Deinococcus radiodurans R1 -

The protein catalyzes the transfer of the enolpyruvyl moiety of phosphoenolpyruvate to the 5-hydroxyl of shikimate-3-phosphate to produce enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. The protein is part of the shikimate biosynthetic pathway (aromatic amino acid biosynthesis) and does not bind the herbicide glyphosate with strong affinity (unlike endogenous EPSPS proteins in plants). Thus, when used in biotechnology, it can confer tolerance to glyphosate. Note: the sequence may have been modified from the aroA (epsps) gene sequence in Deinococcus radiodurans.

bch-gene-scbd-14979-7

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium

The cp4 epsps gene was isolated from the CP4 strain of the common soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens . The enzyme encoded by the sequence is a version of EPSPS that is highly tolerant to inhibition by glyphosate and therefore leads to increased tolerance to glyphosate-containing herbicides. The following reaction is catalyzed by EPSPS: 3-phosphoshikimate + phosphoenolpyruvate = 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate + phosphate Glyphosate specifically binds to and inactivates the enzyme EPSPS, which is part of an important plant biochemical pathway called the shikimate pathway. The shikimate pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids tyrosine, phenylalanine and tryptophan, as well as other aromatic compounds. When plants are treated with glyphosate herbicides they cannot produce the aromatic amino acids that are essential to their survival and, therefore, die. LMOs containing the glyphosate-tolerant epsps gene allow farmers to use glyphosate-containing herbicides for weed control, which will kill the weeds but not the LMO.

bch-gene-scbd-106246-1

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Dickeya dadantii - DICDA

Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.

bch-gene-scbd-105184-2

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)

Salmonella typhimurium - SALTM

Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.

bch-gene-scbd-103857-3

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase leader

Leader

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-45463-4

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.

bch-gene-scbd-101942-3

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Arthrobacter globiformis - Arthrobacter

The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.

bch-gene-scbd-45913-4

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.

bch-gene-scbd-46333-8

5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.

bch-gene-scbd-103911-3

5126 anther-specific promoter

Promoter

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-110264-1

Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene promoter

Promoter

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

bch-gene-scbd-110266-2

Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene terminator

Terminator

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

bch-gene-scbd-110265-1

Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea)

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine.

bch-gene-scbd-110261-1

Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene Promoter

Promoter

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

bch-gene-scbd-110262-1

Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene terminator

Terminator

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

bch-gene-scbd-110260-1

Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea)

Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA

AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine.

bch-gene-scbd-15164-9

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (Chimeric)

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Native ALS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However S4-HrA is a chimeric gene derived from two different tobacco ALS genes that both encoded herbicide sensitive versions of ALS. Two resistance mutations were introduced into one of the ALS genes (Pro191Ala and Trp568Leu) via site directed mutagenesis. The DNA fragment containing the resistance mutations was then moved into the second ALS gene through a restriction enzyme fragment.

bch-gene-scbd-103932-4

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene promoter

Promoter

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-104876-4

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene Promoter

Promoter

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-103933-4

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene terminator

Terminator

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-103896-5

Acetohydroxy acid Synthase gene Terminator

Terminator

Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN

bch-gene-scbd-100390-7

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene terminator

Terminator

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

bch-gene-scbd-104878-4

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene Terminator

Terminator

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-48073-8

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea)

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A common mutant form of the ahas gene was isolated from a herbicide-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana which differs from the wild type gene by only a single base pair. A "G" to "A" point mutation results in a single amino acid substitution in which the serine residue at position 653 is replaced by asparagine (S653N) Tests using the mutant isoform of the ahas gene showed that it confers tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides in plants. The ahas mutant isoform may, therefore, be used as a selectable marker in transgenic plants.

bch-gene-scbd-100268-6

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)

Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN

Acetohydroxy acid synthase (also known as acetolactate synthase) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine The gm-hra gene has been modified by site directed mutagenesis (P183A and W560L) from the native soybean als gene and encodes a version of the enzyme that is tolerant to als inhibitors such as sulfonylurea herbicide. It also contains 15 additional nucleotides from the native als gene 5'UTR.

bch-gene-scbd-15177-7

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Chlorsulfuron, Sulfonylurea)

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Native ALS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However a naturally occurring mutation causes the production of an altered form of ALS (designated SuRB) that is insensitive to inhibition by sulfonylurea herbicides.

bch-gene-scbd-104877-4

Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A common mutant form of the ahas gene which differs from the wild type gene by two mutations W548L and S627I results in an enzyme that has tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides in plants. The ahas mutant isoform may, therefore, be used as a selectable marker in transgenic plants.

bch-gene-scbd-104672-4

Acetohydroxy acid synthase promoter

Promoter

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

bch-gene-scbd-103926-4

Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene promoter

Promoter

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-48364-5

Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Sulfonylurea)

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

The acetolactate synthase enzyme (ALS) plays a key role in the biochemical pathways of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. The application of ALS-inhibiting herbicides blocks this synthesis pathway. Lack of the aforementioned amino acids interferes with protein synthesis, causing the plant to die off.This gene encodes a modified acetolactate synthase, which confers tolerance to several acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as, for example, sulfonylurea.

bch-gene-scbd-102613-4

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase large subunit

Protein coding sequence | Homologous recombination

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

ACC catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is needed as a co-substrate in the fatty acids biosynthesis.

bch-gene-scbd-104517-2

Actin 2 promoter

Promoter

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-115757-2

Actin 2 terminator

Terminator

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-103761-2

Actin 5c gene Promotor

Promoter

Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly

bch-gene-scbd-103909-3

Actin 8 Intron 1

Intron

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-103908-4

Actin 8 Leader sequence

Leader sequence

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-103907-3

Actin 8 promoter

Promoter

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-110891-1

Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)

Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower

Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.

bch-gene-scbd-110892-1

Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B promoter

Promoter

Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower

bch-gene-scbd-110893-1

Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B terminator

Terminator

Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower

bch-gene-scbd-101362-4

Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase ClFatB4

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids)

Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower

Acyl-acyl carrier protein (Acyl-ACP) thioesterases (TE) hydrolyse the thioester ligation between the ACP (acyl carrier protein) and the synthesised acyl chain in fatty acid biosynthesis. Myristic and palmitic-[ACP] are substrates of the Cuphea lanceolata-derived enzyme which is encoded by the acyl-[ACP] thioesterase gene (ClFatB4). As a result of the formation of this enzyme the oil produced in the seeds of the genetically modified (GM) plants contains myristic acid (C14:0), and increased levels of palmitic acid (C16:0). Myristic and palmitic acids, the fatty acids formed by this enzyme occur naturally in some plant oils used for human consumption (e.g. coconut oil). There is currently no evidence pointing at a toxic effect from either the enzyme or the new metabolic product. When used in modern biotechnology the introduced acyl-[ACP] thiosterase is expected to catalyse a reaction similar to that of corresponding enzymes occuring naturally in the seeds of other (wild and cultivated) plant species.

bch-gene-scbd-103920-1

Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase promoter

Promoter

Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower

bch-gene-scbd-103921-1

Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase Terminator

Terminator

Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower

bch-gene-scbd-115338-3

Acyl-homoserine lactonase CHB37

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Bacteria),Resistance to Gram-negative bacteria

Bacillus cereus CHB37 -

The enzyme hydrolyzes N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) molecules secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Erwinia mallotivora . AHLs have been determined to be the principle signalling molecule involved in quorum sensing (cell-to-cell communication) in Gram-negative bacteria and are essential for survival and regulation of virulence genes. Bacteria lacking AHLs are non-pathogenic.

bch-gene-scbd-115339-1

Acyl-homoserine lactonase SP24

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Bacteria),Resistance to Gram-negative bacteria

Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU

The enzyme hydrolyzes N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) molecules secreted by Gram-negative bacteria, such as Erwinia mallotivora . AHLs have been determined to be the principle signalling molecule involved in quorum sensing (cell-to-cell communication) in Gram-negative bacteria and are essential for survival and regulation of virulence genes. Bacteria lacking AHLs are non-pathogenic.

bch-gene-scbd-115649-2

Acyl-lipid (7-3)-desaturase

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Lipid and fatty acids),Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) (Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g. DHA))

Pavlova lutheri -

Acyl-lipid (7-3)-desaturase creates a double bond at the fourth position from the carboxyl end of docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5n-3), converting it into docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3). The enzyme can additionally catalyze the conversion of 22:4n-6 into 22:5n-6 .

bch-gene-scbd-110931-1

Acyl-lipid ∆12-desaturase coding sequence

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Fungi),Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)

Synechocystis sp. - Cyanobacteria, SYNYX

Acyl-lipid desaturases introduce double bonds into fatty acid moieties that have been esterified to glycerolipids, which are located in the endoplasmic reticulum, the chloroplast membrane in plant cells and the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacterial cells. This type desaturase is the most efficient regulator of the unsaturation level of membrane lipids in response to temperature change In transgenic plants acyl-lipid ∆12-desaturase expression increases their tolerance to prolonged exposure of low positive temperatures and ensures resistance to fungal pathogens and wounding.

bch-gene-scbd-111572-1

Adenylate kinase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Yield)

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

Adenylate kinases catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphates (ATP) to adenosine monophosphates (AMP) to yield adenosine diphosphates (ADP). Therefore the enzyme is essential for homeostasis of adenosine phosphates - maintaining the energetic equilibrium of the organism.

bch-gene-scbd-106420-1

ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene promoter

Promoter

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

bch-gene-scbd-109218-1

ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene terminator

Terminator

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-104660-3

AHAS Chloroplast Transit Peptide

Transit signal

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-115846-2

Albino and pale green 6 target sequence

Transit signal

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-104337-2

Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 1

Intron

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-103867-1

Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 2

Intron

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-103625-2

Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 6

Intron

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

bch-gene-scbd-110414-1

Alcohol dehydrogenase 5′UTR

Enhancer

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

bch-gene-scbd-104870-2

Alcohol dehydrogenase gene 5'UTR

Leader

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-111202-1

Alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter

Promoter

Aspergillus nidulans - EMEND

bch-gene-scbd-115247-2

Alcohol dehydrogenase intron

Intron

Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly

bch-gene-scbd-106441-1

Alcohol oxidase 1 gene promoter

Promoter

Pichia pastoris - Yeast, PICPA

bch-gene-scbd-106442-1

Alcohol oxidase 1 gene terminator

Terminator

Pichia pastoris - Yeast, PICPA

bch-gene-scbd-111201-1

alcR transactivator gene

Protein coding sequence | Transcription regulation

Aspergillus nidulans - EMEND

The alcR gene of Aspergillus nidulans encodes a protein with a zinc finger motif, the AlcR activator protein/ AlcR transactivator. In the presence of ethanol, AlcR specifically binds DNA motifs of the ethanol regulon of A.nidulans, inducing the expression of the genes of this regulon. This ethanol pathway is a highly inducible gene system, the so-called alc system, responsible for the utilization of ethanol as sole source of carbon in A.nidulans.

bch-gene-scbd-111593-1

Alkaline phosphatase transit peptide

Transit signal

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

bch-gene-scbd-116048-1

All-stop codon sequence

Terminator

-

bch-gene-scbd-108877-1

Alpha Tubulin Gene promoter

Promoter

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-108880-1

Alpha Tubulin Gene terminator

Terminator

Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA

bch-gene-scbd-112606-1

Alpha-amylase 3 gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)

Manihot esculenta - Cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, Yuca, Manioc, Mandioca, MANES

The plastidial alpha amylase gene (AMY3) is involved in the release of branched malto‐olicosaccharides from the starch granule.

bch-gene-scbd-104334-2

Alpha-amylase gene promoter

Promoter

Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU

bch-gene-scbd-109359-2

Alpha-amylase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)

Bacillus licheniformis - BACLI

Alpha–amylase helps to degrade starch by hydrolysing the alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds of oligo- and polysaccharides. Besides in bacteria, it is also found in fungi, higher plants and animals. Amylase is commonly used in the fermentation and baking industry. The transferred alpha–amylase from B. licheniformis is characterised by high heat resistance and a broad pH optimum.

bch-gene-scbd-111543-1

Alpha-amylase signal peptide

Transit signal

Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU

bch-gene-scbd-105057-3

Alpha-amylase

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Reproduction, Male sterility)

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

Alpha-amylases belong to a family of glycosyl-hydrolases catalyzing hydrolysis of (1-4)-α-Dglucosidic linkages in polysaccharide molecules, such as starch.

bch-gene-scbd-106425-1

Alpha-glucan water dikinase R1 gene promoter

Promoter

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

bch-gene-scbd-46091-2

Alpha-hordothionine gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Fungi)

Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU

Thionins are a class of small(45– 47 amino acids), anti fungal, highly basic, cysteine-rich proteins. An in vitro type-1 α-HTH treatment of Neurospora crassa hyphae resulted in increased calcium ion uptake and permeabilization of the fungal membrane, leading to rupture.

bch-gene-scbd-111203-2

Amino acid permease 1 gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

AAP1 in involved in the long-distance transport of amino acids from leaves to tubers. A reduced expression of CS-aap1-SOLTU in the source leaves of transgenic potatoes leads to a reduction of the amino acid content in the tubers.

bch-gene-scbd-48368-4

Amino acid permease 1 gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)

Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean

The Vfaap1 gene from Vicia faba encodes an amino acid permease. Amino acid permeases transport amino acids from the plant vascular tissue into the symplasts of plant cells. They are differentially expressed according to plant development and tissue, and exhibit a range of specificity patterns for amino acids. In the donor organism, Vicia faba, the Vfaa1 gene is expressed predominantly in the storage parenchyma cells of the cotyledons in developing seeds, particularly in early development. The strongest expression of Vfaap1 precedes the beginning of the expression of storage protein genes. VfAAP1 mediates the transport of a range of amino acids (mainly cysteine, arginine, glutamine, serine, leucine, methionine, histidine, glycine and threonine) with particular emphasis on cysteine.

bch-gene-scbd-103860-1

Amino acid permease 1 Terminator

Terminator

Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean

bch-gene-scbd-111295-1

Amino acid permease 2 gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

AAP2 is thought to be involved in the long-distance transport of amino acids from leaves to tubers.

bch-gene-scbd-104887-2

Aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Ripening)

Carica papaya - Papaya, Pawpaw, Papaw, CARPA

ACO2, encoding for the ACC oxidase enzyme, plays an important role in ethylene biosynthesis pathway. It oxidises 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate in the presence of ascorbate and oxygen to produce ethylene gas which has a role in the fruit ripening process.

bch-gene-scbd-14967-2

Aminoglycoside 3 phosphotransferase II

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to antibiotics (Kanamycin),Selectable marker genes and reporter genes

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

The aphII gene confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. Typically used as a marker gene.

bch-gene-scbd-14966-7

amy797E alpha amylase

Protein coding sequence | Thermostable alpha-amylase,Use in industrial applications (Biofuel production)

Thermococcales spp. - Thermococcus

The amy797E gene encodes a thermostable alpha-amylase. Alpha-amylases catalyse the hydrolysis of starch by cleaving the internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of starch into dextrins, maltose and glucose (saccharification). Splitting starch into sugar is the first step in producing bioethanol from plants. Plants like maize naturally contain their own amylases. They get destroyed, however, when maize is subjected to high temperatures for ethanol production. Typically, supplemental amylase preparations must be added. Heat stable amalyse makes this step unneccessary.

bch-gene-scbd-114712-2

Anchored core protein C

Protein coding sequence

Yellow fever virus - YFV 17D

Anchored protein C (ancC) binds the host cell membrane and gathers the viral RNA genome to form the core of the mature viral particles. During viral entry into the host cell, the protein may induce genome penetration into host cytoplasm. Furthermore, ancC can migrate to the nucleus to modulate host functions. AncC (nucleotide position 119..481) also contains protein C (nucleotide position 119..421), which is produced upon further processing by the host cell and interferes with host Dicer to prevent RNA interference.

bch-gene-scbd-105427-1

Anthocyanidin synthase gene promoter

Promoter

Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA

bch-gene-scbd-105424-1

Anthocyanidin synthase gene terminator

Terminator

Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA

bch-gene-scbd-110487-1

Anthocyanin 3-aromatic acyltransferase gene promoter

Promoter

Perilla frutescens - Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR

bch-gene-scbd-110411-1

Anthocyanin 3-aromatic acyltransferase gene terminator

Terminator

Perilla frutescens - Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR

bch-gene-scbd-43794-3

Anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Pigmentation / Coloration)

Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN

Anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase is an enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway that alters the production of a type of anthocyanin called delphinidin.

bch-gene-scbd-105436-1

Anthocyanin-3',5'-methyltransferase gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin), Pigmentation / Coloration)

Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN

Anthocyanin-3',5'-methyltransferase (AMT) methylates delphinidin-3-glucoside to produce petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside.

bch-gene-scbd-104722-2

Antifreeze Polypeptide Promoter

Promoter

Zoarces americanus - Ocean pout, Poodler, Mother-of-eels, Muttonfish, North-Atlantic ocean pout, ZOAAM

bch-gene-scbd-104724-2

Antifreeze Polypeptide Terminator

Terminator

Oncorhynchus tshawytscha - Chinook Salmon, King Salmon, ONCTS

bch-gene-scbd-48365-2

Apyrase-gene

Protein coding sequence | Other growth, development and product quality

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

Apyrases are enzymes that transform NTP (nucleoside triphosphates) via NDP to NMP without triggering an endergonic reaction in the process. These enzymes have been identified in the tissues of animals, plants (among others in Arabidopsis thaliana, legumes and potatoes) and fungi and apparently have predominantly regulatory functions. Double knockout mutations of both apyrase genes from A. thaliana inhibit pollen germination and give rise to male sterile plants. Apyrases play a role in the formation of nodules in leguminous plants, and are also thought to be involved in phosphate uptake. Regulation of transporters that, amongst other things, facilitate the transport of xenobiotics out of the plant cell has been demonstrated for plant apyrases. The blocking of apyrase by specific inhibitors increases the sensitivity of the plants to different herbicides, as well as the concentration of the applied herbicides in the plants. Over-expression of the apyrase psNTP9 from Pisum sativum in A. thaliana increases the resistance of the plants to herbicides and phytohormones. Apyrase activity in the potato tubers is very high and is probably localised in the area of the cell wall. Together with other enzymes that influence the ATP/ADP/AMP ratio, apyrase activity is suspected to have a regulatory effect on starch biosynthesis in the potato tubers.

bch-gene-scbd-114695-4

Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiania tabacum chimeric Rubisco activase

Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Growth rate, Yield),Increased photosynthetic rate,Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)

Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubsico) activase (RCase) facilitates activation of and the maintenance of Rubisco activity by using ATP hydrolysis to release tightly bound sugar phosphates from the catalytic sites of Rubisco. Tobacco ( N. tabacum ) RCase is known for being heat stable, thus the chimeric protein was created to confer thermostability to the protein. A domain consisting of residues 267–334 in tobacco RCase were replaced by the corresponding Arabidopsis domain. Previously, overexpression of this chimeric protein promoted better growth and higher rates of photosynthesis under high temperatures.

bch-gene-scbd-115644-1

Arcelin-5 promoter

Promoter

Phaseolus vulgaris - String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean, PHAVU

bch-gene-scbd-115646-1

Arcelin-5 terminator

Terminator

Phaseolus vulgaris - String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean, PHAVU

bch-gene-scbd-115648-1

Argonaute 4 intron

Intron

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-104941-3

ArsR binding site

Binding Site

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

bch-gene-scbd-104939-2

ArsR gene

Protein coding sequence | Tolerance to abiotic stress

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

The gene arsR stems from the E. coli-specific plasmid R773 and encodes for a transcriptional regulator with binding sites for arsenic compounds. It is a repressor protein that binds to its promoter in the absence of arsenic compounds therefore repressing the expression of downstream genes. Arsenic compounds that are taken up by bacterial cells form a complex with ArsR, thereby allosterically preventing the association of ArsR with the promoter. Thus, the transcription of downstream genes is induced.

bch-gene-scbd-104940-2

ArsR Promoter

Promoter

Escherichia coli - ECOLX

bch-gene-scbd-104805-2

Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides

Delftia acidovorans - DELAC

The AAD-12 protein is an enzyme with an alpha ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity which results in metabolic inactivation of the herbicides of the aryloxyalkanoate family.

bch-gene-scbd-104812-3

Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene

Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides,Tolerance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,Tolerance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate

Sphingobium herbicidovorans - SPHHE

The aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1) enzyme is able to degrade the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) herbicides, in an alpha.-ketoglutarate-dependent, enantiospecific manner.

bch-gene-scbd-106421-1

Asparagine synthetase-1 gene

Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Protein and amino acids)

Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU

Asparagine synthetase is an enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate.

bch-gene-scbd-115261-4

At1g01170 intron

Intron

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-115631-1

At1g62290 locus intron

Intron

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-115347-2

At1g65090 intron

Intron

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-115270-3

At5g63190 intron

Intron

Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH

bch-gene-scbd-115117-2

ATM protein kinase

Protein coding sequence | Impaired DNA repair mechanisms,Sensitivity to DNA damaging agents

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA MUTATED (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group to serine or threonine residues and is activated upon perception of genotoxic stresses (e.g. ionizing radiation). ATM primarily responds to double stranded DNA breaks. The kinase phosphorylates histone variant H2AX to form H2AXS139ph at double strand breaks. The protein becomes activated in response to stress-induced damage in somatic cells and DNA damage during meiosis. ATM has also been implicated in cellular responses to telomere dysfunction. ATM works synergistically with RUG3 during the DNA damage response.

bch-gene-scbd-114702-1

ATPase terminator

Terminator

Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC

bch-gene-scbd-115116-2

ATR serine/threonine kinase

Protein coding sequence | Impaired DNA repair,Sensitivity to DNA damaging agents

Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE

Serine/threonine-protein kinase ATR (ATR) catalyzes the addition of a phosphorate to serine or threonine residues. The protein plays a central role in cell-cycle regulation at the G2 phase checkpoint in response to single stranded DNA, DNA damage, and/or a replication block, but is not required for G2-arrest. This protein functions by transmitting DNA damage signals to downstream effectors of cell-cycle progression. Research has suggested that ATR may phosphorylate histone variant H2AX to form H2AXS139ph at sites of DNA damage to regulate the DNA damage response mechanism. ATR is also required for the basal expression of RNR1 (ribonucleotide reductase large subunit) and for effective immune responses that involve the activation of DNA damage responses, as well as acting with telomerase to maintain telomeric DNA tracts. However, ATR is not required for telomere length homeostasis.

bch-gene-scbd-108282-1

Atrial natriuretic factor coding sequence

Protein coding sequence | Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal)

Homo sapiens - HUMAN

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a powerf

Genetic Element Registry