Gene and DNA Sequence Registry

Record ID	Name	Trait(s)	Donor organism	Function
101942	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Arthrobacter globiformis - Arthrobacter	The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
110487	Anthocyanin 3-aromatic acyltransferase gene promoter		Perilla frutescens - Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR
109829	Flavonoid 3', 5' hydroxylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Campanula medium - Canterbury bells, Cup-and-saucer, Bellflower, CAMME	Flavonoid-3', 5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of 3', 5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins, which are generally required for the expression of blue or purple flower color.
100266	Legumin B4 gene promoter		Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean
102165	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 3	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade	The Resistance gene is a member of the NBS-LRR (Nucleotide Binding Site - Leucine Rich Repeat) class and codes for a protein that recognise specific proteins - termed elicitor proteins - of Phytophthora infestans the causing agent of late-blight disease. ...
102612	16S rRNA gene promoter		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
102615	16S rRNA gene promoter		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
110888	1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the 2 position. This enzyme can utilize either acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP as the fatty acyl donor
110889	1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Limnanthes douglasii - Douglas' meadowfoam , Poached egg plant, LIMDO	The lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase gene from Limnanthes douglasii catalyses the linkage of erucic acid to the sn-2 position of lysophosphatidic acid. Expression of LPAAT in the seeds of genetically modified oilseed rape leads to significantly increased levels of the trigyceride Trierucin.
110890	1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase coding sequence	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	Converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid by incorporating an acyl moiety at the 2 position. This enzyme can utilize either acyl-CoA or acyl-ACP as the fatty acyl donor
15012	1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA	The ACC gene encodes for the carnation 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase which is required for normal ethylene biosynthesis which affects the rate of ripening in plants.
15014	1-amino-cyclopropane -1-carboxylic acid synthase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC	The ACC gene encodes a truncated copy of the tomato 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase encoding gene in order to suppress expression of the endogenous unmodified gene (which is required for normal ethylene biosynthesis) through gene silencing.
15013	1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Pseudomonas chlororaphis - PSECL	The ACCD gene encodes the enzyme ACCD. In the plant, this enzyme catalyzes metabolism of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-arboxylic acid (ACC), an essential precursor for the biosynthesis of the plant hormone ethylene.
111938	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO	1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase is involved in catalyzing the penultimate step in ethylene biosynthesis.
103622	27kD gamma-zein Promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
111081	2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate phosphatase gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX	In plant cells a glucose analog, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG), is phosphorylated by hexokinase to form 2-DOG-6-phosphate, which competes with glucose-6-phosphate causing cell death through the inhibition of glycolysis, protein synthesis, cell wall polysaccharide synthesis and also protein glycosylation. ...
104339	2xOCS:35S Promoter
15033	3"(9)-O-aminoglycoside adenyltransferase	Resistance to antibiotics - Streptomycin	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The aadA gene confers resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics such as spectinomycin and streptomycin. The enzyme adenylates either the 3’-hydroxy on the amino-hexose III ring of streptomycin or the 9-hydroxyl on the actinamine ring of spectinomycin Typically used as a marker gene.
109068	30S ribosomal protein S16 gene terminator		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
104793	4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase gene	Resistance to herbicides	Pseudomonas fluorescens - PSEFL	4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) catalyses the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to homogentisate which is the aromatic precursor of tocopherol and plastoquinone, which are essential to the photosynthetic transport chain and antioxidative systems. This reaction involves decarboxylation, substituent migration and aromatic oxygenation in a single catalytic cycle. ...
103900	4ocs∆Mas2’ promoter
100354	5' untranslated leader from chlorophyll a/b-binding protein		Triticum aestivum - Wheat
103886	5' Untranslated Leader of AMV RNA4		Alfalfa mosaic virus - Alfalfa mosaic virus, AMV
101901	5' untranslated leader of chlorophyll a/b-binding protein		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
101026	5’e1 promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
103911	5126del Anther Specific Promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
104947	5'e1 Leader		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
15000	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
45463	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	The enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The enzyme is a target for herbicides as these amino acids are only synthesized in plants and microorganisms. Glyphosate acts as a competitive inhibitor for phosphoenolpyruvate, as substrate of EPSPS, and is used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide.
45913	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. ...
14979	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD	The cp4 epsps gene encodes for a version of EPSPS that is highly tolerant to inhibition by glyphosate and therefore leads to increased tolerance to glyphosate-containing herbicides. ...
105184	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Salmonella typhimurium - SALTM	Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.
106246	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Dickeya dadantii - DICDA	Involved in EPSP biosynthesis. The aroA gene, which encodes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase , an enzyme of the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway, the enzyme participates in biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. ...
103857	5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase Leader		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
46121	7Crp gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Allergens	Cryptomeria japonica - Japanese cedar	7Crp gene derived from cedar pollen Cryj I and Cryj II allergen protein genes. This gene encodes an artificial peptide linking seven-site sequences recognized by the human cedar allergen-specific T cells.
104598	AC1 Gene		Bean Golden Mosaic Virus - CGMV	AC1 encodes a complex, multifunctional protein (Rep) that acts as a rolling-circle replication initiation factor, which is the only protein strictly essential for viral genome replication in the bean yellow mosaic virus and is capable of regulating its own expression.
110265	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene	Resistance to herbicides - Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine.
110264	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene promoter		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
110266	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 1 gene terminator		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
110260	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene	Resistance to herbicides - Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine.
110261	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene Promoter		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
110262	Acetohydroxy acid synthase 3 gene terminator		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
15177	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Chlorsulfuron, Sulfonylurea	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Native ALS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However a naturally occurring mutation causes the production of an altered form of ALS (designated SuRB) that is insensitive to inhibition by sulfonylurea herbicides.
48073	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Imidazolinone, Sulfonylurea	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A common mutant form of the ahas gene was isolated from a herbicide-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana which differs from the wild type gene by only a single base pair. ...
104877	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Sulfonylurea	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA	AHAS is an essential enzyme for many organisms as it catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of the branched-chain amino acids valine, isoleucine, and leucine. A common mutant form of the ahas gene which differs from the wild type gene by two mutations W548L and S627I results in an enzyme that has tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides in plants. The ahas mutant isoform may, therefore, be used as a selectable marker in transgenic plants.
100268	Acetohydroxy acid Synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Sulfonylurea	Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN	Acetohydroxy acid Synthase (AKA acetolactate synthase) is a key enzyme that catalyses the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential branched-chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine ...
15164	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene (Chimeric)	Resistance to herbicides - Sulfonylurea	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	Acetolactate synthase (ALS) catalyzes the first common step in the biosynthesis of the essential amino acids isoleucine, leucine, and valine. Native ALS is normally inhibited by sulfonylurea herbicides. However S4-HrA is a chimeric gene derived from two different tobacco ALS genes that both encoded herbicide sensitive versions of ALS. Two resistance mutations were introduced into one of the ALS genes (Pro191Ala and Trp568Leu) via site directed mutagenesis. ...
103932	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
104672	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene promoter		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
104876	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene Promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
100390	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene terminator		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
103933	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene terminator		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
104878	Acetohydroxy acid synthase gene Terminator		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
103896	Acetohydroxy acid Synthase gene Terminator		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
48364	Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Sulfonylurea	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	The acetolactate synthase enzyme (ALS) plays a key role in the biochemical pathways of the branched-chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine and valine. The application of ALS-inhibiting herbicides blocks this synthesis pathway. Lack of the aforementioned amino acids interferes with protein synthesis, causing the plant to die off.This gene encodes a modified acetolactate synthase, which confers tolerance to several acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides such as, for example, sulfonylurea.
103926	Acetohydroxyacid synthase gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
102613	Acetyl-CoA carboxylase large subunit		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	ACC catalyzes the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA. Malonyl-CoA is needed as a co-substrate in the fatty acids biosynthesis.
109064	Acid invertase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Hydrolyses sucrose in plant vacuoles to form reducing sugars.
104517	Actin 2 Gene Promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103761	Actin 5c gene Promotor		Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
103909	Actin 8 Intron 1		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103908	Actin 8 Leader sequence		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103907	Actin 8 Promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
110891	Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower	Catalysis of the reaction: RCO-SR' + H2O = RCOOH + HSR'. This reaction is the hydrolysis of a thiolester bond, an ester formed from a carboxylic acid and a thiol (i.e., RCO-SR'), such as that found in acetyl-coenzyme A.
110892	Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B promoter		Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
110893	Acyl-(ACP) thioesterase type B terminator		Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
101362	Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase ClFatB4	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower	Acyl-acyl carrier protein (Acyl-ACP) thioesterases (TE) hydrolyse the thioester ligation between the ACP (acyl carrier protein) and the synthesised acyl chain in fatty acid biosynthesis. Myristic and palmitic-[ACP] are substrates of the Cuphea lanceolata-derived enzyme which is encoded by the acyl-[ACP] thioesterase gene (ClFatB4). ...
103920	Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase promoter		Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
103921	Acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase Terminator		Cuphea lanceolata - Cigar Flower
110931	Acyl-lipid ∆12-desaturase coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi Tolerance to abiotic stress - Cold / Heat	Synechocystis sp. - Cyanobacteria, SYNYX	Acyl-lipid desaturases introduce double bonds into fatty acid moieties that have been esterified to glycerolipids, which are located in the endoplasmic reticulum, the chloroplast membrane in plant cells and the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacterial cells. This type desaturase is the most efficient regulator of the unsaturation level of membrane lipids in response to temperature change ...
111572	Adenylate kinase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Adenylate kinases catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphates (ATP) to adenosine monophosphates (AMP) to yield adenosine diphosphates (ADP). Therefore the enzyme is essential for homeostasis of adenosine phosphates - maintaining the energetic equilibrium of the organism.
106420	ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
109218	ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene terminator		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
104660	AHAS Chloroplast Transit Peptide		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
104337	Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 1		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
103867	Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 2		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
103625	Alcohol Dehydrogenase 1, intron 6		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
110414	Alcohol dehydrogenase 5′UTR		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
104870	Alcohol dehydrogenase gene 5'UTR		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
111202	Alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter		Aspergillus nidulans - EMEND
106441	Alcohol oxidase 1 gene promoter		Pichia pastoris - Yeast, PICPA
106442	Alcohol oxidase 1 gene terminator		Pichia pastoris - Yeast, PICPA
111201	alcR transactivator gene	Transcription regulation	Aspergillus nidulans - EMEND	The alcR gene of Aspergillus nidulans encodes a protein with a zinc finger motif, the AlcR activator protein/ AlcR transactivator. In the presence of ethanol, AlcR specifically binds DNA motifs of the ethanol regulon of A.nidulans, inducing the expression of the genes of this regulon. This ethanol pathway is a highly inducible gene system, the so-called alc system, responsible for the utilization of ethanol as sole source of carbon in A.nidulans.
111593	Alkaline phosphatase transit peptide		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
108877	Alpha Tubulin Gene promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
108880	Alpha Tubulin Gene terminator		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
112606	Alpha-amylase 3 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Manihot esculenta - Cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, Yuca, Manioc, Mandioca, MANES	The plastidial alpha amylase gene (AMY3) is involved in the release of branched malto‐olicosaccharides from the starch granule.
109359	Alpha-amylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Bacillus licheniformis - BACLI	Alpha–amylase helps to degrade starch by hydrolysing the alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds of oligo- and polysaccharides. Besides in bacteria, it is also found in fungi, higher plants and animals. Amylase is commonly used in the fermentation and baking industry. The transferred alpha–amylase from B. licheniformis is characterised by high heat resistance and a broad pH optimum.
104334	Alpha-amylase gene promoter		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
111543	Alpha-amylase signal peptide		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
106425	Alpha-glucan water dikinase R1 gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
46091	Alpha-hordothionine gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	Thionins are a class of small(45– 47 amino acids), anti fungal, highly basic, cysteine-rich proteins. An in vitro type-1 α-HTH treatment of Neurospora crassa hyphae resulted in increased calcium ion uptake and permeabilization of the fungal membrane, leading to rupture.
48368	Amino acid permease 1 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean	The Vfaap1 gene from Vicia faba encodes an amino acid permease. Amino acid permeases transport amino acids from the plant vascular tissue into the symplasts of plant cells. They are differentially expressed according to plant development and tissue, and exhibit a range of specificity patterns for amino acids. ...
111203	Amino acid permease 1 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	AAP1 in involved in the long-distance transport of amino acids from leaves to tubers. A reduced expression of CS-aap1-SOLTU in the source leaves of transgenic potatoes leads to a reduction of the amino acid content in the tubers.
103860	Amino acid permease 1 Terminator		Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean
111295	Amino acid permease 2 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	AAP2 is thought to be involved in the long-distance transport of amino acids from leaves to tubers.
104887	Aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Carica papaya - Papaya, Pawpaw, Papaw, CARPA	ACO2, encoding for the ACC oxidase enzyme, plays an important role in ethylene biosynthesis pathway. It oxidises 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate in the presence of ascorbate and oxygen to produce ethylene gas which has a role in the fruit ripening process.
14967	Aminoglycoside 3 phosphotransferase II	Resistance to antibiotics - Kanamycin Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The aphII gene confers resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin. Typically used as a marker gene.
14966	amy797E alpha amylase	Thermostable alpha-amylase Use in industrial applications - Biofuel production	Thermococcales spp. - Thermococcus	The amy797E gene encodes a thermostable alpha-amylase. Alpha-amylases catalyse the hydrolysis of starch by cleaving the internal alpha-1,4-glucosidic bonds of starch into dextrins, maltose and glucose (saccharification). Splitting starch into sugar is the first step in producing bioethanol from plants. Plants like maize naturally contain their own amylases. They get destroyed, however, when maize is subjected to high temperatures for ethanol production. ...
105427	Anthocyanidin synthase gene promoter		Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA
105424	Anthocyanidin synthase gene terminator		Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA
110411	Anthocyanin 3-aromatic acyltransferase gene terminator		Perilla frutescens - Perilla, Beefsteak mint, Chinese basil, Shiso-zoku, PERFR
43794	Anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN	Anthocyanin 5-acyltransferase is an enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway that alters the production of a type of anthocyanin called delphinidin.
105436	Anthocyanin-3',5'-methyltransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN	Anthocyanin-3',5'-methyltransferase (AMT) methylates delphinidin-3-glucoside to produce petunidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3-glucoside.
104722	Antifreeze Polypeptide Promoter		Zoarces americanus - Ocean pout, Poodler, Mother-of-eels, Muttonfish, North-Atlantic ocean pout, ZOAAM
104724	Antifreeze Polypeptide Terminator		Oncorhynchus tshawytscha - Chinook Salmon, King Salmon, ONCTS
48365	Apyrase-gene	Other growth, development and product quality	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Apyrases are enzymes that transform NTP (nucleoside triphosphates) via NDP to NMP without triggering an endergonic reaction in the process. These enzymes have been identified in the tissues of animals, plants (among others in Arabidopsis thaliana, legumes and potatoes) and fungi and apparently have predominantly regulatory functions. ...
104941	ArsR binding site		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
104939	ArsR gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The gene arsR stems from the E. coli-specific plasmid R773 and encodes for a transcriptional regulator with binding sites for arsenic compounds. It is a repressor protein that binds to its promoter in the absence of arsenic compounds therefore repressing the expression of downstream genes. Arsenic compounds that are taken up by bacterial cells form a complex with ArsR, thereby allosterically preventing the association of ArsR with the promoter. ...
104940	ArsR Promoter		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
104805	Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene	Resistance to herbicides	Delftia acidovorans - DELAC	The AAD-12 protein is an enzyme with an alpha ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity which results in metabolic inactivation of the herbicides of the aryloxyalkanoate family.
104812	Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene	Resistance to herbicides Tolerance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid Tolerance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate	Sphingobium herbicidovorans - SPHHE	The aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (AAD-1) enzyme is able to degrade the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D) and aryloxyphenoxypropionates (AOPP) herbicides, in an alpha.-ketoglutarate-dependent, enantiospecific manner.
106421	Asparagine synthetase-1 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Asparagine synthetase is an enzyme that generates asparagine from aspartate.
108282	Atrial natriuretic factor coding sequence	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal)	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a powerful vasodilator, and a protein hormone secreted by heart muscle cells. It is involved in the homeostatic control of body water, sodium, potassium and fat (adipose tissue). It is released by muscle cells in the upper chambers (atria) of the heart (atrial myocytes) in response to high blood volume. ANP acts to reduce the water, sodium and adipose loads on the circulatory system, thereby reducing blood pressure.
103358	AttB λ attachment site		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
105608	avhppd-03 gene	Resistance to herbicides	Avena sativa - Oat, AVESA	The gene avhppd-03 decodes the enzyme AvHPPD-03 which catalyses the formation of homogentisic acid, the aromatic precursor of plastoquinone and vitamin E biosynthesis . It has a low binding afinity for mesotrione, a herbicide that inhibits HHPD. Expression of AvHPPD-03 in plant cells confers tolerance to HPPD inhibitor herbicides such as mesotrione.
100273	B33 gene promotor		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
14973	Barnase	Changes in physiology and/or production - Reproduction - Male sterility	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - BACAS	Barnase is a bacterial protein that has ribonuclease activity. It is lethal to the cell when expressed without its inhibitor barstar. The inhibitor binds to and occludes the ribonuclease active site, preventing barnase from damaging the cell's RNA after it has been synthesized but before it has been secreted. ...
104825	Barnase 3' Untranslated region		Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - BACAS
14974	Barstar	Changes in physiology and/or production - Fertility restoration	Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - BACAS	The barstar gene from [i]Bacillus amyloliquefaciens[/i] encodes a specific ribonuclease inhibitor (barstar enzyme) expressed only in the tapetum cells of the pollen sac during anther development. ...
101409	Barstar gene terminator		Bacillus amyloliquefaciens - BACAS
105599	B-BOX32 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Photoperiod response	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	BBX32 functions downstream of multiple photoreceptors as a modulator of light responses and functions in light sensitive hypocotyl growth.
108898	Beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates		This thermostable Beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase is the chimeric product resulting from the recombination of two Beta-1,3-1,4-glucanase from [i]Bacillus amyloliquefaciens[/i] and [i]Bacillus macerans[/i]. The resulting protein depolymerises glucans in the aleurone layer and the endosperm during caryopsis germination.
111746	Beta-1,3-glucanase 2 gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	Beta-1,3-glucanases catalyse the hydrolysis of beta-1,3-glucan, which is a linear homopolymer of beta-1,3 glycosidically bound glucose residues. Together with chitinases, the beta-1,3-glucanase is part of the plant defence system to protect itself from pathogenic fungal infections.
105217	Beta-actin gene promoter		Gallus gallus - Chicken, CHICK
108044	Beta-casein gene promoter		Capra aegagrus hircus - Domestic goat, Goat, CAPHI
45875	Beta-galactosidase gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	β-galactosidase is a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides. Substrates of different β-galactosidases include ganglioside GM1, lactosylceramides, lactose, and various glycoproteins. ...
108700	Beta-glucosidase gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
46004	Beta-Glucuronidase coding sequence	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The uidA gene expresses beta-glucuronidase (GUS). Expression of this enzyme allows detection in the laboratory of transformed cells by using a simple colour change assay. Typically used as a reporter gene or visual marker gene.
108284	Beta-Glucuronidase coding sequence	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Streptococcus pneumoniae - Pneumococcus, STREE	Glucuronidase is a member of the glycosidase family of enzymes that catalyze breakdown of complex carbohydrates. Expression of this enzyme allows detection in the laboratory of transformed cells by using a simple colour change assay. Typically used as a reporter gene or visual marker gene.
103614	Beta-kafirin promoter		Sorghum bicolor - Sorghum
103615	Beta-kafirin Terminator		Sorghum bicolor - Sorghum
110894	Beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	In the biosynthesis of fatty acids, the beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthases catalyze chain elongation by the addition of two-carbon units derived from malonyl-ACP to an acyl group bound to either ACP or CoA.
14975	Beta-lactamase gene	Resistance to antibiotics - Ampicillin	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria and are responsible for their resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems (ertapenem) (Cephalosporins are relatively resistant to beta-lactamase). These antibiotics have a common element in their molecular structure: a four-atom ring known as a beta-lactam. The lactamase enzyme breaks that ring open, deactivating the molecule's antibacterial properties
110730	BNYVV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Beet necrotic yellow virus (BNYV)	Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus - BNYVV	RNA2 of the Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV) carries the information for the viral coat protein, an important domain for encapsidation, vector transmissibility and cell-to-cell transmission.
48366	Branching Enzyme 1	altered carbohydrate composition: increased amylopectin content	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The be1 and be2 genes code for starch branching enzymes which catalyse the splitting of alpha-1,4-glucans and the subsequent formation of alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds between glucan chains during amylopectin synthesis. The isozymes BE1 and BE2 differ with regard to their amino acid sequences, their expression patter (BE1 is expressed mainly in potato tubers, BE2 mainly in leaves) and their specificity (e.g. size of the transferred carbohydrate chains).
48453	Branching Enzyme 2	altered carbohydrate composition: increased amylopectin content	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The be1 and be2 genes code for starch branching enzymes which catalyse the splitting of alpha-1,4-glucans and the subsequent formation of alpha-1,6-glycosidic bonds between glucan chains during amylopectin synthesis. The isozymes BE1 and BE2 differ with regard to their amino acid sequences, their expression patter (BE1 is expressed mainly in potato tubers, BE2 mainly in leaves) and their specificity (e.g. size of the transferred carbohydrate chains).
105056	Brittle-1 gene Transit Peptide		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
111931	Bromelain inhibitor gene promoter		Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO
14976	Bromoxynil-specific nitrilase	Resistance to herbicides - Bromoxynil	Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. ozaenae - Klebsiella, KLEPO	A Klebsiella ozaenae nitrilase converts the herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4 hydroxybenzo-nitrile) to 3,6-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to adegraded non-herbicidal product.
103892	C5 left flanking arm		Canarypox virus - CNPV
103891	C5 right flanking arm		Canarypox virus - CNPV
101413	CA55 gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
105596	Caffeoyl CoA 3-O-methyltransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lignin	Medicago sativa - Alfalfa, Lucerne, MEDSV	Alfalfa CCOMT catalyzes O-methylation of caffeoyl and 5-hydroxyferuloyl CoA, with preference for caffeoyl CoA.
101405	Calcium-dependent protein kinase promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
105197	CaMV 35S Enhancer		Cauliflower mosaic virus - CaMV
100287	CaMV 35S promoter		Cauliflower mosaic virus - CaMV
101504	CaMV 35S promoter plus four repeats of activating sequence		Cauliflower mosaic virus - CaMV
100290	CaMV 35S terminator		Cauliflower mosaic virus - CaMV
100366	CaMV Enhanced 35S promoter		Cauliflower mosaic virus - CaMV
105019	cctra intron		Ceratitis capitata - Mediterranean fruit fly , CERCA
102013	Cdc25 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production	Schizosaccharomyces pombe - Fission yeast	Cdc25 proteins control entry into and progression through various phases of the cell cycle, including mitosis and S ("Synthesis") phase. They act through dephosphorylation of CDK/cyclin complex.
104788	Cestrum Yellow Leaf Curling Virus promoter		Cestrum Yellow Leaf Curling Virus - CYLCV
103771	Chalcone synthase gene promoter		Antirrhinum majus - Common Snapdragon, Snapdragon
105669	Chalcone synthase gene promoter		Rosa hybrida - Rose, ROSHC
105670	Chalcone synthase gene promoter		Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA
109212	Chimeric wheat gliadin
108904	Chitinase 33 transit peptide		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
106332	Chitinase coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Beta vulgaris - Common beet, Sugarbeet, BETMA	Chitinases catalyse the hydrolysis of chitin, which is commonly a component of fungal cell walls and the exoskeleton of arthropods, organisms which include many important pathogens and pests, into a linear homopolymer of p-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues.
100382	Chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase	Resistance to antibiotics - Chloramphenicol	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) is a bacterial enzyme that detoxifies the antibiotic chloramphenicol and is responsible for chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria.
109363	Chloroplast transit peptide		Chlamydomonas reinhardtii - CHLRE
110305	Chloroplast transit peptide		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
106247	Chloroplast Transit Peptide		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
100365	Chloroplast transit peptide 2		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103899	Chloroplast Transit Peptide 4		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
102896	Cholera Toxin	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Vibrio cholerae	An exotoxin, produced by Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio eltor, thats leeds to the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. The cholera toxin is a member of the AB family of toxins. The function of the non-toxic B subunit is to assemble into a ring-shaped, homologous pentamer and to adhere to mem-brane receptors on the intestinal epithelial cell surface (GM1 gangliosides). The pathogenic effect stems from the A subunit. ...
102122	Cinnamoyl coenzymeA reductase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lignin	Populus tremula x Populus alba - Gray Poplar	Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. It catalyzes the conversion of feruloyl-CoA to coniferaldehyde and is considered the ﬁrst enzyme in the monolignol-speciﬁc branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Because downregulation of the CCR gene in annual model plants signiﬁcantly reduced lignin content, downregulating CCR in a woody perennial was an interesting potential avenue to improve wood quality for pulping.
111325	Citrate synthase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield, Growth rate	Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX	The citrate synthases catalyses the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by converting acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to citric acid.
15027	CMV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Mosaic virus - Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)	Cucumber mosaic virus - CMV	The cp gene from CMV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by CMV.
103554	c-myc-tag		Homo sapiens - HUMAN
107876	CoA-transferase alpha 2 subunit gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria	Rhodococcus equi - RHOE1	The gene ipdA2 (REQ_00850) is an paralog of idpA of Rhodococcus equi but is localized outside of the cholesterol catabolic gene cluster on the bacterial chromosome. Probably it is the alpha subunit of a heterodimeric coenzyme A transferase. The biological function is not elucidated yet but it was shown that the gene product IpdA2 (GenBank accession CBH46238) acts redundantly to IdpA in the cholesterol catabolism that is important for pathogenicity of R. equi.
107872	CoA-transferase alpha subunit gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria	Rhodococcus equi - RHOE1	The gene ipdA (REQ_07170) is an ortholog of rv3551 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and likewise localized in the cholesterol catabolic gene cluster of its bacterial chromosome of Rhodococcus equi. The encoded protein IpdA (GenBank accession CBH46834) carries the PF01144 signature motif of heterodimeric coenzyme A transferase as well as the COG1788 signature of AtoD, the alpha subunit acetoacetyl-CoA transferase of E. coli. ...
107875	CoA-transferase beta 2 subunit gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria	Rhodococcus equi - RHOE1	The gene ipdB2 (REQ_00860) is an paralog of idpB of Rhodococcus equi but is localized outside of the cholesterol catabolic gene cluster on the bacterial chromosome. Probably it is the beta subunit of a heterodimeric coenzyme A transferase. The biological function is not elucidated yet but it was shown that the gene product IpdB2 (GenBank accession CBH46239) acts redundantly to IdpB in the cholesterol catabolism that is important for pathogenicity of R. equi.
107873	CoA-transferase beta subunit gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria	Rhodococcus equi - RHOE1	The gene ipdB (REQ_07160) is an ortholog of rv3552 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and likewise localized in the cholesterol catabolic gene cluster of its bacterial chromosome of Rhodococcus equi. The encoded protein IpdB (GenBank accession CBH46833) carries a COG2057 signature of AtoA, the beta subunit acetoacetyl-CoA transferase of E. coli. ...
108285	Coding sequence of scFv4715 antibody	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Antibodies and antigens	Mus musculus - Mouse, House mouse, MOUSE	Binds to Streptococcus gordonii coat protein. This bacteria is the causal agent of dental plaque/cavity. The synthetic antibody (scFv4715) consist of a heavy (Vh) and light (VL) chain of the variable regions of the immunoglobulin-G, joined by a linker peptide.
103065	Cold shock protein gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Cold / Heat, Drought	Bacillus subtilis - Bacillus, BACIU	CspB is a type of stress-inducible protein that might be able to protect B. subtilis cells from damage caused by ice crystal formation during freezing.
111871	COS site		Escherichia virus lambda - Lambda phage, LAMBD
104319	CP Peptide	Use in industrial applications - Bioremediation		A syntetic metallothionenine that binds heavy metals when expressed in plant tissues.
103918	Cruciferin A gene promoter		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
103919	Cruciferin A gene terminator		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
43771	Cry1A.105	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	Cry1A.105 is a full-length, insecticidal protein consisting of 1177 amino acids with a molecular weight (MW) of 133 kDa. It is a chimeric protein that consists of domains I and II from Cry1Ab or Cry1Ac1, domain III from Cry1F, and the C-terminal domain ...
14985	Cry1Ab	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The [i]cry1Ab[/i] gene codes for a delta-endotoxin, commonly known as "Bt-toxin", which confers resistance to the plant to lepidoptera larvae such as the European corn borer ([i]Ostrinia nubilalis[/i]), the southwestern corn borer ([i]Diatraea grandiosella[/i]), pink borer ([i]Sesamia cretica[/i]), Spruce Budworm, Tent caterpillar, Gypsy moth, Diamondback moth, Cabbage looper, Tobacco budworm, and Cabbage worm.
103109	Cry1Ab/Ac	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) - Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa spp.)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry1Ab-Ac gene was constructed by combining 1 – 286 amino acid residues of Domain-I, 287 – 459 are of Domain-II, conforming to Cry1Ab of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki HD1. Sequence 460-608 amino acid residues are of Domain III, conforming to Cry1Ac of B. thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki HD73. ...
14986	Cry1Ac	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry1Ac gene codes for a Bt-toxin, which confers resistance to lepidopteran pests of cotton, such as tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens).
14987	Cry1F	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry1F gene codes for codes for a Bt-toxin, which protects the plant against the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and other lepidopterans such as the pink borer (Sesamia spp.), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) and southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella).
14988	Cry2Ab2	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry2A(b) gene encodes codes for a Bt-toxin, which confers resistance to lepidopteran pests of cotton, such as tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens).
101895	Cry2Ae	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) - Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa spp.), armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	Cry2Ae protein as expressed in cotton has 631 amino acids. The deduced molecular weight is 71 kDa. The Cry2Ae protein is effective in controlling lepidopteran plant feeding larvae such as cotton bollworm larvae, tobacco budworm larvae and fall armyworm larvae which are common pests of cotton.
14994	Cry34Ab1	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry34Ab1 gene codes for a 14kDa Bt-toxin Cry34Ab1. When expressed with Cry35Ab1 it results in the mortality of Coleopteran insects, such as western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera), northern corn rootworm (D. barberi), and mexican corn rootworm (D. virgifera zeae) upon oral ingestion.
14995	Cry35Ab1	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry35Ab1 gene codes for a 44kDa Bt-toxin Cry35Ab1. When expressed with Cry34Ab1 it results in the mortality of Coleopteran insects, such as western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera), northern corn rootworm (D. barberi), and mexican corn rootworm (D. virgifera zeae) upon oral ingestion.
14989	Cry3A	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry3A gene codes for a Bt-Toxin, which confers resistance to western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica longicornis barberi) and other related coleopteran species.
14993	Cry3Bb1	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The cry3Bb1 gene, isolated from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subspecies kumamotoensis, produces the insect control protein Cry3Bb1, a delta-endotoxin. The Cry3Bb1 protein provides protection against the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica vigifera) and northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi).
14996	Cry9C	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) - European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The Cry9C protein, when expressed, protects the plants against feeding damage of larvae of the lepidopteran insect European corn borer by selectively binding to specific sites localized on the brush border midgut epithelium of susceptible insect species.
109361	Cry9E	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The Cry9E protein, when expressed, protects the plants against feeding damage of larvae of the lepidopteran insect European corn borer by selectively binding to specific sites localized on the brush border midgut epithelium of susceptible insect species.
102150	Cryj gene	Vaccine against pollen allergies	Cryptomeria japonica - Japanese cedar	Cryj is a major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen. Cryj genes are being used to develop vaccines for treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis/ allergies.
101900	CsVMV promoter		Cassava vein mosaic virus - Cassava vein mosaic virus, CVMV, CsVMV
103096	Cyanophycin synthetase	Use in industrial applications	Thermosynechococcus elongatus - Cyanobacteria	Cyanophycin synthetase catalyzes the polymerisation of aspartate monomers to a polyaspartate-chain. The aspartate monomers are covalently linked by their beta-carboxy- and alpha-amino groups. Additional arginine side chains are observed. This biopolymer is produced by a variety of cyaonobacteria such as Thermosynecchococcus elongates as a storage molecule for nitrogen.
104770	Cyclobutylpyrimidine dimer photolyase Gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA	Involved in repair of UV radiation-induced DNA damage. Catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutylpyrimidine dimers (CPDs), which are formed between adjacent bases on the same DNA strand upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Required for plant survival in the presence of UV-B light. ...
104593	Cytochrome b5	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Antioxidants, Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY	Cyt b5 protein acts as an electron donor to the Cyt P450 enzyme and is required for full activity of the Cyt P450 enzyme Flavinoid 3' 5' hydroxylase [i]in vivo[/i] and the generation of purple/ blue flower colours.
107955	Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield, Growth rate	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	CYP78A1 protein, in vitro, catalyzes omega-hydroxylation of the fatty acid, lauric acid.
108701	Cytokinin dehydrogenase 1 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Drought	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	Cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKX) catalyze the irreversible degradation of the cytokinins isopentenyladenine, zeatin, and their ribosides in a single enzymatic step by oxidative side chain cleavage.
108709	Cytokinin dehydrogenase 1 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Drought	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	Cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKX) catalyze the irreversible degradation of the cytokinins isopentenyladenine, zeatin, and their ribosides in a single enzymatic step by oxidative side chain cleavage.
108707	Cytokinin dehydrogenase 2 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Drought	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	Cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases (CKX) catalyze the irreversible degradation of the cytokinins isopentenyladenine, zeatin, and their ribosides in a single enzymatic step by oxidative side chain cleavage.
111451	Cytosolic starch phosphorylase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Phosphorylases catalyse the reversible phosphorolysis of terminal glucose units of alpha-1,4-glucans. Depending on the concentration of inorganic phosphate and glucose-1-phosphate, the enzyme can both synthesise and degrade glucans.
102614	D1 thylakoid membrane protein (psbA) gene terminator		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
103772	D8 gene terminator		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
110906	Dc3 promoter		Daucus carota subsp. sativus - Carrot, DAUCA
108927	Defensin coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria, Fungi	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Defensins are a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides thought to be involved in host defense. They are abundant in the granules of neutrophils and also found in the epithelia of mucosal surfaces such as those of the intestine, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and vagina. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence and distinguished by a conserved cysteine motif.
108261	Defensin gene coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria, Fungi	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	Plant defensins exhibit antimicrobial activities, invitro, particularly against filamentous fungi and are thus believed to contribute to the defence arsenal of plants directed against microbial phytopahtogens.
111875	Defensin-like protein 1 gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Dahlia merckii - Bedding dahlia, DAHME	AMP1 is a cysteine-rich polypeptide of 50 amino acids with a calculated mass of approximately 5 kD. It is a plant defensin that inhibits fungal growth. The protein is expressed in the seeds and protects the developing seedling from pathogenic fungi.
109219	Dehydroascorbate reductase coding sequence	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA	Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) reduces dehydroascorbate (DHA) to ascorbate with glutathione (GSH) as the electron donor.
100267	delta(12)-fatty acid dehydrogenase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN	The gm-fad2-1 is a fragment of the omega-6 desaturase gene 1 (FAD2-1) from Glycine max (soybean) that corresponds to approximately 40% of the middle portion of the coding region of FAD2-1 (597 bp). gm-fad2-1 itself does not code for a functional protein, but transcription of this gene fragment transgenic soybean seeds acts to suppress transcription of endogenous omega-6 desaturase, resulting in the high oleic phenotype.
104625	delta-15 desaturase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Neurospora crassa	Catalyses the conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to stearidonic acid
104623	Delta-6-desaturase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Primula juliae - Juliae primrose, PRIJU	Catalyses the synthesis of stearidonic acid from α-linoleic acid
102160	delta-9 Acyl-lipid desaturase	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Cold / Heat	Synechocystis sp. - Cyanobacteria, SYNYX	The desC (a.k.a. des9) is involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (lipid metabolism). Fatty acid unsaturation was found to be essential for tolerance to low temperatures by cyanobacteria. Similar proteins exist in higher plants.
100728	Dicamba monooxygenase gene	Resistance to herbicides	Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - S. maltophilia, Stenotrophomonas	DMO (dicamba monooxygenase) catalyzes the degradation of the herbicide dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) to non-toxic 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid (3,6- DCSA) in plants, thus conferring herbicide tolerance.
14978	Dihydrodipicolinate synthase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Corynebacterium glutamicum - CORGT	Dihydropicolinate synthase is the key enzyme in lysine biosynthesis via the diaminopimelate pathway of prokaryotes, some phycomycetes and higher plants. The enzyme catalyses the condensation of L-aspartate-beta- semialdehyde and pyruvate to dihydropicolinic acid via a ping-pong mechanism in which pyruvate binds to the enzyme by forming a Schiff base with a lysine residue.
104383	Dihydrodipicolinate synthase chloroplast targeting sequence		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
110470	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Iris sp. - Iris, IRIOR	The gene encodes dihydroflavonol reductase which functions in the biosynthesis pathway of the pink/ red-coloured anthocyandin 3-O-(6-O-malylglucoside) pigment in iris.
110471	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Rosa hybrida - Rose, ROSHC	The gene encodes dihydroflavonol reductase functions in the biosynthesis of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins in roses.
111603	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR A1) is involved in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.
15009	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY	The gene encodes dihydroflavonol reductase functions in the biosynthesis of the blue-coloured anthocyanin pigment delphinidin.
104594	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Dianthus caryophyllus - Carnation, DIACA	The gene encodes dihydroflavonol reductase which functions in the biosynthesis pathway of the pink/ red-coloured anthocyandin 3-O-(6-O-malylglucoside) pigment in carnations.
105819	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase intron		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
105798	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase promoter		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
105799	Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase terminator		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
15008	DNA Adenine Methylase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Reproduction - Male sterility	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	DAM ,when under the control of an anther specific promoter, results in male sterility by preventing transformed plants from producing anthers or pollen via its affects on methylation patters of genes involved in pollen production.
103764	Dorsomycin gene 3'UTR		Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
46333	Double Mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Glyphosate tolerance can be conferred by decreasing the herbicide’s ability to inhibit the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, which is essential for the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids in all plants, fungi, and bacteria. ...
101476	DsRed2 Fluorescent Protein	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes		DsRed2 is a highly engineered monomeric form of the normally tetrameric red fluorescent protein variant of Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (drFP583; 1) with faster maturation and lower non-specific aggregation. The DsRed2 sequence contains a series of silent base-pair changes corresponding to human codon-usage preferences for high expression in mammalian cells
105600	E6 gene terminator		Gossypium barbadense - Sea-island cotton, Egyptian cotton, GOSBA
104862	E8 gene promoter		Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC
111970	Early/Late promoter
104789	eCry3.1Ab	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles) - Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera), Northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	An engineered Cry gene active against certain corn rootworm (Diabrotica) species . The gene ecry3.1Ab consists of a fusion between the 5′ end (Domain I, Domain II and 15 amino acids of Domain III) of a modified Cry3A gene (mcry3A) and the 3′ end (Domain III and Variable Region 6) of a synthetic Cry1Ab gene ...
103905	Elongation factor EF-1alpha Intron 1		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103904	Elongation factor EF-1alpha Leader		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103903	Elongation factor EF-1alpha promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
109046	Endo‐1,4‐β‐d‐glucanase coding sequence	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	Cel1 is a glycosyl hydrolase (1,4-β-endoglucanase) which binds to the noncrystalline cellulose and xyloglucans, promoting the relaxation of the cell wall during the stages of expansion and elongation of the plant cell.
111745	Endochitinase 2 gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	Endochitinases randomly hydrolyse internal β-1,4-linkages of chitin, releasing oligomers of GlcNAc. Chitin is not present in plant cells, but is a major component of the cell walls of many filamentous, possibly pathogenic, fungi. The presence of endochitinase is therefore part of the plant's defence system against fungal pathogens as it leads to a disruption in the fungal cell wall formation together with beta-1,3-glucanases.
108903	Endochitinase 42 coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Trichoderma harzianum - TRIHA	Endochitinase 42 randomly hydrolyses N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide (1->4)-beta-linkages in chitin and chitodextrinsis, which are major structural components of the fungal cell wall.
111544	Endolysin gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria	Enterobacteria phage T4 - Bacteriophage T4, Phage T4, Coliphage T4, BPT4	Endolysin is a bactericidal muralytic enzyme that facilitates bacterial cell wall lysis.
111453	Enhanced blue fluorescent protein gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Aequorea victoria - Crystal Jellyfish, Water Jellyfish, AEQVI	Enhanced Blue Fluorescent Protein is a genetic mutant of green fluorescent protein (GFP) originally derived from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Its emission peak is 450-480nm. It is broadly used as a reporter gene in organisms and cell cultures.
105732	Enhanced Yellow Fluorescent Protein gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Aequorea victoria - Crystal Jellyfish, Water Jellyfish, AEQVI	Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP) is a genetic mutant of green fluorescent protein (GFP) originally derived from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria. Its excitation peak is 514 nm and its emission peak is 527 nm.
111929	Epoxide hydrolase promoter		Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO
112262	EPSPS gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
112263	EPSPS gene terminator		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
110714	Erns coding sequence	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 - BVDV-1	Erns is a glycoprotein found on the surface of the BVDV viron. In addition to being a virion protein, a proportion of Erns is secreted from infected cells into the extracellular environment as a consequence of it lacking a typical transmembrane anchor domain. ...
105735	Ethylene response factor gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Populus trichocarpa - Western balsam poplar, Black cottonwood, California poplar, POPTR	Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) are a large family of transcription factors that mediate responses to ethylene. Ethylene affects many aspects of wood development and is involved in tension wood formation. Thus ERFs could be key players connecting ethylene action to wood development.
105200	Farnesene Synthase gene	Use in industrial applications - Biofuel production	Artemisia annua - Artemisia , Sweet Wormwood, Sweet Annie, Sweet Sagewort, Annual Wormwood	Te enzyme catalyzes the production of beta-farnesene from farnesyl diphosphate.
107865	FATB2 ACP-thioesterase gene	Use in industrial applications - Biofuel production	Cuphea wrightii - Wright's waxweed, CUPWR	Acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases play an essential role in chain termination during de novo fatty acid synthesis and in the channeling of carbon flux between the two lipid biosynthesis pathways in plants.
110907	Fatty acid deasturase 2 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FAD2) is involved in fatty acid synthesis in plants and acts by catalyzing the desaturation of oleic acid (C18:1) to linoleic acid (C18:2).
104323	Fatty Acid Desaturase 2	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Lipid and fatty acids	Linum usitatissimum - Flax, Flax, Linseed, LINUS	Catalyses the desaturation of oleic acid to linoleic acid.
110304	Fatty acid desaturase 2 intron		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
45046	Feline leukemia virus envelope glycoprotein	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Feline leukemia virus - Feline leukemia virus	The feline Leukemia virus env gene (FeLV-env) encodes a glycoprotein. The FeLV-env is used together with the nucleoprotein (FeLV-gag) and reverse transcriptase (FeLV-pol) genes of the feline leukemia virus in a vaccine. The FeLV-env gene induces the production of anti-viral antibodies helping to prevent the disease in cats.
45047	Feline leukemia virus gag gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Feline leukemia virus - Feline leukemia virus	The feline leukemia virus gag gene (FeLV-gag) encodes the structural proteins of the virion core. The complete FeLV-gag gene is used together with the glycoprotein (FeLV-env) and reverse transcriptase (FeLV-pol) genes of the feline leukemia virus in vaccines to help preventing the disease in cats.
45048	Feline Leukemia Virus pol gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Feline leukemia virus - Feline leukemia virus	The feline leukemia virus pol gene (FeLV-pol) encodes a reverse transcriptase (enzyme that "converts", i.e., reverse transcribes, RNA into DNA). A portion of the FeLV-pol gene that is not expressed is used together with the glycoprotein (FeLV-env) and the complete nucleoprotein (FeLV-gag) genes of the feline leukemia virus in vaccines to help preventing the disease in cats.
111326	Ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase transit peptide		Spinacia oleracea - Spinach, SPIOL
110472	Ferritin 1 gene	Change in vacuole ion profile Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Rosa hybrida - Rose, ROSHC	Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion.
110475	Ferritin 2 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Rosa hybrida - Rose, ROSHC	Ferritin is a ubiquitous intracellular protein that stores iron and releases it in a controlled fashion.
104332	Firefly Luciferase	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Photinus pyralis - North American firefly, Common Eastern firefly, Big Dipper firefly, PHOPY	Firefly luciferase from Photinus pyralis (luc) is an ATP-dependent luciferase widely used as a reporter enzyme for cell-based gene expression assays, principally due to the high sensitivity and large dynamic range bioluminescence affords.
108911	FLAG Tag
105446	Flavone synthase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Torenia sp. - Torenia hybrid, Wishbone flowers, Blue Wings, TOREN	Flavone synthase acts on the flavanones (naringenin, eriodictyol and pentahydroxyflavanone) to produce flavones (apigenin, luteolin and tricetin, respectively). A major use of flavones in biotechnology is for them to act as co-pigments to enhance the bluing of the anthocyanins.
15010	Flavonoid 3', 5' hydroxylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY	Flavonoid-3', 5'-hydroxylase (F3'5'H) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of 3', 5'-hydroxylated anthocyanins, which are generally required for the expression of blue or purple flower color.
104606	Flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Salvia splendens - Salvia, Ornamental Sage, Scarlet Sage, Tropical Sage, SALSN	Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase is an enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway that is involved in the biosynthesis of the anthocyanidin delphinidin. Delphinidin-related anthocyanins typically have a blue coloured hue.
43793	Flavonoid 3’, 5’-hydroxylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Viola sp. - Pansy, VIOLA	Flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase is an enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway that is involved in the biosynthesis of a group of blue coloured anthocyanins called delphinidins.
105671	Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Chrysanthemum morifolium - Florists chrysanthemum, Mum, Florist's daisy, Hardy garden mum, CHRMO	Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H)is a key protein in the anthocyanidin 3-glucosides biosynthesis pathway. Expression of F3'H leads to the of biosynthesis of cyanidin-related anthocyanins. Suppression of its activity results in the accumulation of pelargonidin and/or delphinidin related anthocyanins.
105672	Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Rosa hybrida - Rose, ROSHC	Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H) is a key protein in the anthocyanidin 3-glucosides biosynthesis pathway. Expression of F3'H leads to the of biosynthesis of cyanidin-related anthocyanins. Suppression of its activity results in the accumulation of pelargonidin and/or delphinidin related anthocyanins.
105196	FMV 35S Enhancer		Figwort mosaic virus - Figwort mottle virus., FMV, CMoVb
101507	FMV 35S promoter		Figwort mosaic virus - Figwort mottle virus., FMV, CMoVb
111066	Fructan-fructan-1-fructosyltransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus - Artichoke, Globe artichoke, CYNCS	The fructan-fructan-1-fructosyl transferase (FFT) from [i]Cynara scolymus[/i] is an enzyme involved in fructan metabolism. Specifically, inulin, a heterogeneous collection of different length fructans, is biosynthesized in vitro from sucrose by the combined action of two fructosyl transferases: Suc:Suc 1-fructosyl transferase and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyl transferase. FFTs elongate a pre-synthesized fructose chains at the expense of another pre-synthesized chain.
111545	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is an enzyme that converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle which are both anabolic pathways. It is part of the sucrose biosynthesis pathway.
111604	Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
103763	fs(1)K10 3' UTR		Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
105090	Fusion protein gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Newcastle disease virus - Newcastle disease virus, NDV	The fusion (F) glycoprotein is one of the proteins that forms the viral envelope of NDV. Its function is to fuse with, and penetrate through the host cell membrane during infection.
107959	GA2-oxidase promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
101271	Gamma-glutamylcysteine Synthetase I gene	Use in industrial applications - Bioremediation	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthase plays an important role in the synthesis of glutathione (glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) insofar as it specifically catalyses the ligation of glutamic acid and cysteine to form glutamylcysteine under energy consumption. Other gamma-ECS substrates are not known. Glutathione is formed in a second step, in which glycine is bound to the dipeptide by glutathione synthetase. ...
104314	Gene 4 transcription terminator		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
103649	gI Glycoprotein	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Suid herpesvirus 1 - SHV-1	GI is belived to contribute to the viruses virulence by facilitating the spread of the virus through the central nervous system.
103517	Gibberellin 20 Oxidase-1 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	GA 20-oxidase 1 is a key enzyme involved in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. GAs consist of a large family of tetracyclic diterpenoids and are associated with a number of plant growth and developmental processes such as seed germination, stem elongation, flowering and fruit development. Inactivation of gibberellin 20-oxidase decreases active gibberellin levels and creates the so-called semi-dwarf phenotype. Over-expression of the gene results in significantly longer plants.
111070	Gibberellin 2-beta-dioxygenase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	GA2-oxidase is involved in catalyzing a reaction that results in the degradation of active gibberellin.
103623	Globulin 1 Promotor		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
103624	Globulin 1 Terminator		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
106343	Glucanase coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Beta vulgaris - Common beet, Sugarbeet, BETMA	Glucanases are enzymes that break down a glucan, a polysaccharide made of several glucose sub-units.
109371	Glucose 6 Phosphate Translocator coding sequence	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Responsible for the transport of Glc6P into plastids of heterotrophic tissues where it can be used as a carbon source for starch biosynthesis, as substrate for fatty acid biosynthesis or as substrate for NADPH generation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway.
110671	Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate-translocator gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Pisum sativum - Garden pea, PEA	The gpt gene from pea (Pisum sativum) codes for a plastid glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator, an antiporter whose main physiological function is to import glucose-6-phosphate, in exchange for inorganic phosphate, into the plastids of heterotrophic tissue.
107881	Glutamine synthetase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Pinus sylvestris - Scotch pine, Scots pine, PINSY	Glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyses the incorporation of ammonium to glutamate for glutamine biosynthesis, the first step in inorganic nitrogen incorporation into amino acids. ...
104869	Glutathione S-transferase gene promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
103765	Glutelin gene promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
103766	Glutelin signal peptide		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
103767	Glutelin terminator		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
110854	Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter		Cochliobolus heterostrophus - Southern corn leaf blight fungus
108046	Glycine Oxidase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Bacillus subtilis - Bacillus, BACIU	This enzyme is a homotetramer with a monomer molecular mass of 42 kDa. ThiO is required for the biosynthesis of the thiazole moiety of thiamin pyrophosphate.
111061	Glycinin gene promoter		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
111060	Glycinin gene terminator		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
105174	Glycoprotein B gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Gallid herpesvirus 1 - ILTV	Glycoprotein B is an envelope glycoprotein that forms spikes at the surface of the virion envelope. It is essential for the fusion of viral and cellular membranes leading to virus entry into the host cell. Membrane fusion is mediated by the fusion machinery composed at least of gB and the heterodimer gH/gL
103640	Glycoprotein B promoter		Gallid herpesvirus 2
14998	Glyphosate oxidoreductase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Ochrobactrum anthropi - OCHAN	The gox gene produces glyphosate oxidase (GOX) – an enzyme that accelerates the normal breakdown of the herbicide glyphosate into two non-toxic compounds, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glyoxylate.
48363	Glyphosate-N-Acteyltransferase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glyphosate	Bacillus licheniformis - BACLI	Glyphosate-N-acetyltransferase expression in genetically modified plants may lead to detoxification of the glyphosate agent. This is brought about by the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to the secondary amine group of glyphosate. The resulting N-acetylglyphosate does not have the ability to inhibit the activity of the EPSPS enzyme, and the genetically modified plants are able to grow despite glyphosate treatment.
14997	Granule bound starch synthase gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
48072	Granule-bound starch synthase gene	altered carbohydrate composition: increased amylopectin content	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of amylose in the amyloplasts of potato tubers. Inhibition of GBSS leads to the accumulation of amylopectin in the starch fraction.
111969	Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is a glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts that functions as a cytokine.
45846	Green Fluorescent Protein gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Aequorea victoria - Crystal Jellyfish, Water Jellyfish, AEQVI	The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein that exhibits bright green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range
104723	Growth Hormone gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Oncorhynchus tshawytscha - Chinook Salmon, King Salmon, ONCTS	The expression of growth hormone alters aggregate metabolic activity in several ways: lipid breakdown and mobilization are increased, and energy is deployed more readily for maintenance or growth; protein synthesis is increased, providing the raw material for additional body mass; mineral uptake is increased, promoting skeletal development and a longer, leaner morphology; and, feeding efficiency (i.e., feed conversion ratio) is improved.
109220	GTP cyclohydrolase I coding sequence	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	GTP cyclohydrolase I, an enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction in the pathway for the biosynthesis of the pteridine portion of folic acid
104689	H6 gene 3'UTR		Gossypium barbadense - Sea-island cotton, Egyptian cotton, GOSBA
103890	H6 Gene Promoter		Vaccinia virus - Poxvirus, Smallpox vaccine, VACV, VV, Vaccinia
108047	Harpin protein coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests	Pectobacterium carotovorum - PECCA	hrpN encodes a harpin protein, which elicits the hypersensitive response and systemic acquired resistance in plants.
111521	HB17 transcription factor gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	The HB17 protein is a homodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) protein which is part of a family of plant transcription factors. These are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression and have been shown to play an important role in the modulation of plant growth and development. HB17 is a member of the class II subfamily of HD-Zip proteins which form either homodimers or heterodimers with other HD-Zip II proteins and function as repressors of gene expression.
111062	Heat-labile enterotoxin, B subunit gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is a hetero-oligomeric AB 5 type enterotoxin composed of a 27 kDa A subunit with toxic ADP ribosyl transferase activity and a stable noncovalent-linked pentamer of 11.6 kDa B subunits. The B subunit pentamer mediates holotoxin binding to ganglioside GM1 on intestinal epithelial cells, with lower affinity for GD1B, asialoGM1 and lactosylceramide gangliosides.
101873	Heatshock protein 80 gene promoter		Brassica oleracea - Crucifers
45883	Hemagglutinin gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Influenza virus - Influenza	Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), a homotrimer of subunits with two polypeptide chains, HA, and HA2, mediates binding of the virus to sialic acid-containing cell-surface receptors, initiating endocytosis, and the subsequent fusion of the viral and endosomal membranes by an acid-induced conformational change. A domain formed by the HA, chain contains the receptor-binding site and a significant proportion of the antigenic epitopes. ...
108907	Hevien gene promoter		Hevea brasiliensis - Rubber tree, Para rubber tree, SiringaTree, Jebe, HEVBR
103022	Hexa Histidine Anchor sequence	immunodetection and purification		Hexa histidine tags are used for immunodetection and purification of fusion proteins by affinity chromatography.
102884	High molecular weight glutenin subunit 1Ax1 gene promoter		Triticum aestivum - Wheat
104648	Histone H3 Gene II intron 1		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
104646	Histone H4 gene 3' UTR		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
104647	Histone H4 gene Promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
112017	Homeodomain-leucine zipper 4 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Drought, Salinity	Helianthus annuus - Sunflower, HELAN	HAHB4 is a member of the Helianthus annuus (sunflower) subfamily I of HD-Zip proteins that has been previously shown to be transcriptionally regulated by the availability of water and by abscisic acid.
112018	Homeodomain-leucine zipper 4 promoter		Helianthus annuus - Sunflower, HELAN
103738	Homologues of Cladosporium fulvum Resistance genes of the Vf region	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Malus domestica - Apple, MALDO	The genes encode for resistance against Venturia inaequalis (apple scab). The gene product consists an extracellular receptor protein of a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) class with a transmembrane (TM) region acting as a membrane anchor. The role of the predicted protein has yet to be demonstrated however by analogy to the tomato Cf gene it is likely that the HcrVf2 in an extracellular receptor involved in pathogen recognition.
108896	Hor3-1 gene promoter		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
108897	Hor3-1 transit peptide		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
101595	Hordein B1 promoter		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
101596	Hordein B1 terminator		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
105017	hr5 Transcriptional Enhancer		Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus - AcMNPV
103901	HSP 70 5' untranslated leader sequence		Petunia hybrida - Petunia, PETHY
103922	HSP17.9 Leader Sequence		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
100359	Hsp70 intron		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
103762	HSP70 minimal promoter		Drosophila melanogaster - Common Fruit Fly
103749	Human Cytomegalovirus promoter		Human cytomegalovirus - HCMV, HHV-5
104312	Human Metallothionenine 1A	Use in industrial applications - Bioremediation	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Metallothionein has been implicated in a number of functions, including toxic metal detoxification, as a metal chaperone and in metal ion homeostasis.
100292	Hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene	Resistance to antibiotics - Hygromycin	Streptomyces hygroscopicus - STRHY	The hygromycin B phosphotransferase encoded by the hph gene specifically inactivates the antibiotic hygromycin by phosphorylation.
14991	Hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene	Resistance to antibiotics - Hygromycin Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The hygromycin B phosphotransferase encoded by the hpt gene specifically inactivates the antibiotic hygromycin by phosphorylation.
111877	Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX	The enzyme imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase (IGPD) catalyses the conversion of imidazoleglycerol-phosphate to imidazoleacetol-phosphate which is a critical step in the histidine biosynthesis pathway. It is used in research as a bacterial selection marker, whereby mutations cause histidine auxotrophy and sensitivity to Cu, Co, and Ni salts.
111876	Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase promoter		Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX
111878	Imidazoleglycerol-phosphate dehydratase terminator		Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX
105018	Immediate-early-1 gene promoter		Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus - AcMNPV
105058	In2-1 Terminator		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
111591	Inorganic phosphate transporter 2 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production Changes in quality and/or metabolite content	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The root-specific phosphate transporter 2 is involved in the uptake of phosphate from the soil.
111605	Inorganic pyrophosphatase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The inorganic pyrophosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) into two phosphate ions.
108266	Interferon alpha coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests	Gallus gallus - Chicken, CHICK	Interferons (IFNs) are a group of polypeptides that are secreted from most all eukaryotic cells in response to external signals. They are classified into three groups, designated type I, type II and type III. Type I IFN (α and β), are expressed rapidly after viral infection, and represent a first line of defence initiated by the innate immune response.
103023	KDEL ER retention signal
103757	kilA gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Enterobacter aerogenes - Enterobacter	This gene, along with telAB, confers resistance to the chemical compound potassium tellurite (K2TeO3). The use of this gene as marker was developed to suit strains that were aimed to be released in field trials, where it is not desirable to use antibiotic resistance genes as marker tools for tracking the bacteria. Makes selective plating on potassium tellurite possible.
47790	Killer Protein 4	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Ustilago maydis Virus 4 (UmV4)	KP4 specifically inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels inhibiting cell growth and division by blocking calcium import. The KP4 gene is derived from the genome of a double-stranded RNA virus (Ustilago Maydis Virus 4, UmV4, Totiviridae, Totivirus, 00.075.0.01), which is present in the tissue of certain fungal strains of corn smut (Ustilago maydis). Expression of the KP4 gene leads to the production of the KP4 (killer protein 4). ...
103893	Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene promoter		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
103894	Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene terminator		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
111315	L700 promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
111905	Lac operator region		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
111879	Lac operon promoter		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
111880	Lac operon repressor gene		Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The lactose operon repressor is a DNA binding protein that functions to regulate the expression of the Lac operon. In the absence of lactose it inhibits the expression of the genes lacZ-lacY-lacA which code for the lactose-degrading enzymes of the operon by binding to the operator region of the Lac operon, thus hindering RNA polymerase from binding to the Lac promoter. The repressor is inactivated by lactose which binds to the repressor. ...
103025	LeB4 Signal peptide		Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean
110675	Leghaemoglobin gene	Changes in physiology and/or production Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Lotus japonicus - Birdsfoot trefoil, LOTJA	Leghaemoglobin is a nitrogen or oxygen carrier, because naturally occurring oxygen and nitrogen interact similarly with this protein; and a hemoprotein found in the nitrogen-fixing root nodules of leguminous plants. It is produced by legumes in response to the roots being colonized by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, termed rhizobia, as part of the symbiotic interaction between plant and bacterium: roots not colonized by Rhizobium do not synthesise leghaemoglobin. ...
110932	Lichenase coding sequence	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Ruminiclostridium thermocellum - CLOTM	The licB gene encodes lichenase (β-1,3:1,4-Dendoglucanase). Based on the properties of the lichenase reporter, this reporter may be useful for the monitoring of transgenes in agrocenoses.
110731	Light inducible tissue-specific LS1 gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	LS1 is a single-copy gene from potato, which displays a leaf/stem-specific and light-inducible pattern of expression. In vivo it is expressed in a leaf/stem specific manner and encodes a 10.8 kd protein associated with the oxygen evolving complex of photosystem II.
111936	Light-inducible tissue-specific LS1 intron 2		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
48030	Lipoxygenase 3	Resistance to chewing insects	Solanum nigrum - Black nightshade, SOLNI	The native S. nigrum gene LOX3 (S. nigrum lipoxygenase 3) codes for a jasmonic acid biosynthesis enzyme. Jasmonates are known plant signalling substances. They play an important role in development processes (maturation of pollen, fruit and seed) and also in plant reactions to biotic and abiotic stress factors, including the production of antibodies for the direct and indirect defence of plants against chewing insects. ...
108705	LOC_Os04g11040.1 promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
103619	Low Phytic Acid 1	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content	Sorghum bicolor - Sorghum	Gene LPA1 reduces the synthesis of phytic acid which results in increased zinc and iron bio-availability.
103069	loxP recombination site		Bacteriophage P1 - Phage P1
105059	Ltp2 Promoter		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
103755	Luciferase alpha and beta subunit fusion gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Vibrio harveyi - Vibrio, V. harveyi	The luxA and luxB genes encoding the luciferase from Vibrio harveyi were fused by site-directed mutagenesis so that one polypeptide was encoded by the fused gene. The protein encodes a luciferase enzyme. This gene/protein is commonly used in biotechnology as reporters of gene expression.
100377	Luciferase alpha subunit	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Xenorhabdus luminescens - P. luminescens	LuxA encodes a thermostable luciferase. This gene/protein is commonly used in biotechnology as reporters of gene expression.
100378	Luciferase beta subunit	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Xenorhabdus luminescens - P. luminescens	LuxB encodes a thermostable luciferase. This gene/protein is commonly used in biotechnology as reporters of gene expression.
45874	luxCDABE genes	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Photorhabdus luminescens - Bacteria	The luxCDABE operon of the bioluminescent bacterium [i]Photorhabdus luminescens[/i] is commonly used as a transcriptional reporter to facilitate the quantification of gene expression. ...
105063	Lycopene beta cyclase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Narcissus pseudonarcissus - Wild daffodil, Lent lily, Daffodil, NARPS	Catalyses the cyclisation of the lycopene carotenoid psi-end group into a carotenoid beta-end group in the final step of the synthesis of beta carotene
111935	Lycopene beta cyclase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content	Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO	Catalyses the cyclisation of the lycopene carotenoid psi-end group into a carotenoid beta-end group in the final step of the synthesis of carotenoids.
111937	Lycopene epsilon-cyclase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content	Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO	Lycopene ϵ-cyclase (LCY-ϵ) is involved in the first step of the α-branch synthesis pathway of carotenoids from lycopene in plants.
108931	Lysozyme coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Lysozymes are enzymes that damage bacterial cell walls by catalyzing hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in a peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrins. Lysozyme is abundant in a number of secretions, such as tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus. It is also present in cytoplasmic granules of the macrophages and the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs).
112601	M27939 Intron Sequence
103773	mac-1 Promoter
105057	Maize α-Amylase Gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Reproduction - Male sterility	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Alpha-amylases belong to a family of glycosyl-hydrolases catalyzing hydrolysis of (1-4)-α-Dglucosidic linkages in polysaccharide molecules, such as starch.
48455	Major Spidroin I protein coding sequence	Use in industrial applications	Nephila clavipes - Golden silk orbweaver spider	The MaSpI gene encodes for one of two spider silk proteins in the dragline core fibre of the golden silk orbweaver spider Nephila clavipes.
48456	Major Spidroin II protein coding sequence	Use in industrial applications	Nephila clavipes - Golden silk orbweaver spider	The MaSpII gene encodes for one of two spider silk proteins in the dragline core fibre of the golden silk orbweaver spider Nephila clavipes.
101417	Mannopine Synthase Gene Promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
101418	Mannopine synthase gene terminator		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103774	Mannopine synthase gene terminator		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
111324	Matrix processing peptidase transit peptide		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
43634	mCry3A	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles) - Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	mCry3A delta-endotoxin is a synthetic, maize optimized, modified cry3A (mcry3A) gene whose expression produces a mCry3A insect control protein that is a member of a class of proteins which occur naturally in the gram-positive soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis. ...
110605	MdMYB10 transcription factor	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Malus domestica - Apple, MALDO	The MdMYB10 gene from a red-fleshed apple coding for a transcription factor involved in regulating the biosynthesis of the anthocyanin cyanidin 3-galactoside.
110607	MdMYB10 transcription factor R6 promoter		Malus domestica - Apple, MALDO
110608	MdMYB10 transcription factor terminator		Malus domestica - Apple, MALDO
103881	Metallothionein-like gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
110059	Metallothionein-like gene terminator		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
105411	MG 40k antigen gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Mycoplasma gallisepticum - MG, MYCGL	The polypeptide produced from this coding sequence elicits an immune response in when administered to domestic chicken thereby resulting in immunity against chronic respiratory disease due to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection.
105360	mgc3 gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Mycoplasma gallisepticum - MG, MYCGL	The protein MGC3, is a 120-kDa membrane protein and a homologue of 130-kDa protein encoded by the ORF6 gene, which is a part of P1 operon of M. pneumoniae. MGC3 protein encoded by the mgc3 gene may function as a cytoadherence-associated molecule because the M. pneumoniae 130-kDa protein has been implicated in the cellular adhesion process.
106264	Modified cecropin peptide coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria, Fungi		Cecropins are antimicrobial peptides. Cecropins lyse bacterial cell membranes; they also inhibit proline uptake and cause leaky membranes. Cationic antimicrobial peptides which include cecropin also possess antiviral and fungicidal activity.
106333	Modified melittin peptide coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria, Fungi		Melittin, a small protein containing 26 amino acid residues, is the principal toxic component of bee venom. It is water-soluble as a tetramer, but it spontaneously integrates into lipid bilayers and is thought to act as a cytolytic and channel-forming antimicrobial peptide.
105053	Ms45 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Reproduction - Male sterility	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Expression of the MS45 protein encoded by the Ms45 gene in the anther tapetum is required for the production of fertile male pollen by the maize plant. The Ms45 gene includes four exons with three introns that are removed by splicing.
105054	Ms45 gene terminator		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
101025	NADP-malic enzyme 1 gene 3’UTR and terminator		Flaveria bidentis - Coastal plain yellowtops, FLABI
101521	Napin gene promoter		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
104354	Napin gene promoter		Brassica rapa - Canola plant
104355	Napin gene terminator		Brassica rapa - Canola plant
110908	Napin gene terminator		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
15001	Neomycin Phosphotransferase II	Resistance to antibiotics - Kanamycin	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	The nptII (neo) gene codes for an enzyme that phosphorylates kanamycin and confers resistance to this antibiotic. Typically used as a marker gene.
111595	Neomycin phosphotransferase II promoter		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
111966	Nopaline Synthase Enhancer		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
15171	Nopaline Synthase Gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD	Nopaline synthase is an enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of nopaline, an opine which is formed as the result of the condensation of the amino acid arginine and alpha-ketoglutaric acid. When wild-type A. tumefaciens infects a host plant, the opine synthase gene present on the T-DNA region of the Ti plasmid of the bacterium directs infected host cells to synthesize an opine, such as nopaline. The type of opine produced is specific to the particular strain of A. tumefaciens. ...
100270	Nopaline Synthase Gene Promoter		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
100269	Nopaline Synthase Gene Terminator		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
110715	Npro coding sequence	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 - BVDV-1	The NPro Product of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Inhibits DNA Binding by Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Targets It for Proteasomal Degradation
111452	Nuclear inclusion protein b gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Potato virus Y (PVY)	Potato virus Y - PVY	The NIb replicase is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the potato virus Y
104673	Octopine Synthase Gene Leader Sequence		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
100271	Octopine Synthase Gene Terminator		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
104820	Omega 5' untranslated leader		Tobacco mosaic virus - TMV
103841	OpIE2 Promoter		Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus - OpMNPV
101419	Optimized Transit Peptide
104807	ORF1 3' Untranslated region		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
104806	ORF23 3' Untranslated region		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
100363	ORF25 PolyA Terminator sequence		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
100380	P45 Lactococcal promoter		Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis - Streptococcus, Strep
111971	P7.5 early/late promoter		Vaccinia virus - Poxvirus, Smallpox vaccine, VACV, VV, Vaccinia
105595	Pal2 gene Promoter		Phaseolus vulgaris - String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean , PHAVU
104682	Palmitoyl acyl carrier protein thioesterase 5'UTR		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
111592	Pathogen-defence gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
108910	Pathogenesis-related protein 1a signal peptide		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
108712	Pathogenesis-related protein 1S gene	Resistance to diseases and pests	Solanum nigrum - Black nightshade, SOLNI	PR proteins are proteins encoded by the host plant which are specifically formed in response to pathogen attacks or comparable stress factors. Based on their primary amino acid structure, their serological relation and/or their enzymatic or biological activities, PR proteins are classified into 14 groups. PR proteins do not only accumulate in the leaf inoculated by the pathogen. ...
104662	PC1SV Promoter		Peanut chlorotic streak virus - PCSV, PClSV
111571	Pectate lyase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production	Lilium longiflorum - Easter lily, Trumpet lily, LILLO	Pectate lyase is responsible for the eliminative cleavage of pectate, yielding oligosaccharides with 4-deoxy-α-D-mann-4-enuronosyl groups at their non-reducing ends. In dong so, this leads to the destabilization of plant cell walls.
101930	PEMV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Mosaic virus	Pea enation mosaic virus 1 - PEMV-1	The cp gene from PEMV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Pea enation mosaic virus. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by PEMV.
104813	Per5 3' Untranslated Region		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
106344	Peroxidase coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Picea abies - Norway spruce, PICAB	Peroxidases are a large family of enzymes that typically catalyze the oxidation of various compounds using naturally occurring peroxides, especially hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are reduced, forming water.
100368	Peroxidase gene promoter		Triticum aestivum - Wheat
105055	Pg47 Promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
104364	Phaseolin 3' Terminator		Phaseolus vulgaris - String bean, French bean, Kidney bean, Common Bean , PHAVU
110061	Phosphate transporter gene terminator		Medicago truncatula - Barrelclover, Strong-spined medick, Barrel medic, Barrel medick, MEDTR
14972	Phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glufosinate	Streptomyces hygroscopicus - STRHY	The glufosinate ammonium tolerance gene ([i]bar[/i] gene), derived from the common soil bacterium [i]Streptomyces hygroscopicus[/i], codes for phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT) and leads to increased tolerance to herbicides containing glufosinate ammonium, such as Basta®, Rely®, Finale®, and Liberty®. ...
15002	Phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase gene	Resistance to herbicides - Glufosinate	Streptomyces viridochromogenes - STRVR	The pat gene codes for the enzyme phosphinothricin-acetyltransferance (PAT) and leads to increased tolerance to glufosinate-containing herbicides.
101404	Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
101406	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, intron 9		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
104350	Phosphofructokinase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Lactobacillus bulgaricus	Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is involved in the glycolosis chain by catalysing the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
111088	Phosphoglucomutase gene, chloroplastic	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Phosphoglucomutase catalyses the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, thereby influencing the availability of substrates for glycolosis or glycogenesis.
111087	Phosphoglucomutase gene, cytoplasmic	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Phosphoglucomutase catalyses the interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, thereby influencing the availability of substrates for glycolosis or glycogenesis.
15003	Phosphomannose Isomerase gene	Mannose tolerance Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) catalyzes the reversible interconversion of mannose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. Plant cells lacking this enzyme are incapable of surviving on synthetic medium containing mannose as a carbon source.
106426	Phosphorylase-L gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
105183	Phosphoserine aminotransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Salmonella typhimurium - SALTM	Catalyzes the reversible conversion of 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate to phosphoserine and of 3-hydroxy-2-oxo-4-phosphonooxybutanoate to phosphohydroxythreonine.
102616	Photosystem II 44 kDa protein (psbC) terminator		Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA
109067	Photosystem II protein D1 gene promoter		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
15378	phyA gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content Phytate degradation	Aspergillus niger	The phy gene produces a fungal 3-phytase. This enzyme can be utilized to increase the breakdown of plant phytates which bind phosphorus. Phytate is the major storage form of phosphorus in many seeds and phytate-bound phosphorus is unavailable to monogastric animals. Since monogastric animals are not able to degrade this molecule, much of the phosphorus bound to phytate passes into the environment through the manure. ...
111073	Phytochrome B gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield, Growth rate, Photoperiod response Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin)	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	PhyB is a regulatory photoreceptor which exists in two forms that are reversibly interconvertible by light: the Pr form that absorbs maximally in the red region of the spectrum (660 nm) and the Pfr form that absorbs maximally in the far-red region (730 nm). Photoconversion of Pr to Pfr induces an array of morphogenetic responses, whereas reconversion of Pfr to Pr cancels the induction of those responses. Pfr controls the expression of a number of nuclear genes. ...
103621	Phytoene Desaturase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Erwinia uredovora - PANAN	Catalyses four-step dehydrogenation reactions in the carotionoid synthesis pathway yielding lycopene.
103620	Phytoene Synthase 1 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE	Phytoene synthase is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. It catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene
111933	Phytoene synthase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Citrus unshiu - Satsuma mandarin, Satsuma orange, Tangerine, CITUN	Phytoene Synthase is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. It catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene.
105062	Phytoene Synthase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Vitamins	Narcissus pseudonarcissus - Wild daffodil, Lent lily, Daffodil, NARPS	Phytoene Synthase is a transferase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of carotenoids. It catalyzes the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytoene.
41317	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade	The Resistance gene is a member of the NBS-LRR (Nucleotide Binding Site - Leucine Rich Repeat) class and codes for a protein that recognise specific proteins - termed elicitor proteins - of Phytophthora infestans the causing agent of late-blight disease. ...
102164	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Solanum stoloniferum - Wild potato	The Resistance gene is a member of the NBS-LRR (Nucleotide Binding Site - Leucine Rich Repeat) class and codes for a protein that recognise specific proteins - termed elicitor proteins - of Phytophthora infestans the causing agent of late-blight disease. ...
102155	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Solanum venturii - Wild Potato, SOLVN	The Resistance gene is a member of the NBS-LRR (Nucleotide Binding Site – Leucine Rich Repeat) class and codes for a protein that recognise specific proteins – termed elicitor proteins - of Phytophthora infestans the causing agent of late-blight disease. ...
103777	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1 Promoter		Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade
109062	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1 Promoter		Solanum venturii - Wild Potato, SOLVN
109063	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1 terminator		Solanum venturii - Wild Potato, SOLVN
103778	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 1 Terminator		Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade
41318	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 2	Resistance to diseases and pests - Phytophthora infestans resistance	Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade	The Resistance gene is a member of the NBS-LRR (Nucleotide Binding Site - Leucine Rich Repeat) class and codes for a protein that recognise specific proteins - termed elicitor proteins - of Phytophthora infestans the causing agent of late-blight disease. ...
103775	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 2 Promoter		Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade
103776	Phytophthora infestans Resistance gene 2 Terminator		Solanum bulbocastaneum - Nightshade, Ornamental nightshade
108876	pIIG gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
103650	PK Protein Kinase	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Suid herpesvirus 1 - SHV-1	The mechanism by which PK affects virulence is unknown. Although purified PK can phosphorylate a major viral protein in vitro which is also phosphorylated in vivo, the physiological substrate and function of PK are unknown.
111316	Plasma membrane ATPase 1 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield, Growth rate	Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX	The plasma membrane ATPase of plants and fungi functions as a hydrogen ion pump. It generates a proton gradient which drives the active transport of nutrients through proton co-transport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses.
111317	Plasma membrane ATPase 2 gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield, Growth rate	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The plasma membrane ATPase of plants and fungi functions as a hydrogen ion pump. It generates a proton gradient which drives the active transport of nutrients through proton co-transport. The resulting external acidification and/or internal alkinization may mediate growth responses.
110674	Plastidic nucleotide transporter gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	The ntt gene from Arabidopsis thaliana codes for a plastidic nucleotide translocator. It catalyses the uptake of ATP into a plastid in exchange for ADP. Its main function is to supply non-green storage plastids with ATP, which is needed to facilitate starch synthesis.
103751	PLRV Coat Protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)	Potato leafroll virus (PLRV)	The coat protein (CP) of luteoviruses, such as PLRV, is reported to be responsible for many viral characteristics including serological properties, transmission specificity, cross-protection and mutual exclusion.
104847	PLRV Replicase gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV)	Potato leafroll virus (PLRV)	The PLRVrep gene comprises of the two overlapping ORF1 and ORF2 sequence of the PLRV genome which together encode a full length 110kD PLRV replicase protein. The ORF1 gene encodes the putative viral replicase domain that is required for viral RNA synthesis. The ORF2 gene encodes the putative viral helicase domain that is required for viral RNA synthesis.
111872	pMB1 origin of replication		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
101412	pMc5-8 plasmid vector
15015	Polygalacturonase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Solanum lycopersicum - Tomato, SOLLC	The polygalacturonase gene encodes the polygalacturonase (PG) enzyme, which is responsible for the breakdown of cell wall pectin during the softening of fruits that takes place during ripening. Pectin is a building block in plant cell walls and is what gives fruits their firmness. Fruits with reduced PG activity have a slower cell wall breakdown, higher viscosity and delayed softening.
106424	Polyphenol oxidase 5 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Solanum verrucosum - SOLVE	The PPO enzyme family catalyses the o-hydroxylation of monophenol molecules in which the benzene ring contains a single hydroxyl substituent) to o-diphenols (phenol molecules containing two hydroxyl substituents). It can also further catalyse the oxidation of o-diphenols to produce o-quinones. PPO causes the rapid polymerization of o-quinones to produce black, brown or red pigments (polyphenols) that cause fruit browning
111327	Polyphosphate kinase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Polyphosphate kinase catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate of ATP to a long-chain polyphosphate. Among other functions, the polyphosphate moieties serve as a form of chemical energy storage during a cell's high energy status.
104802	Polyubiquitin10 gene promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
110663	Potato type II proteinase inhibitor, PIN2B	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects	Solanum nigrum - Black nightshade, SOLNI	Plants produce proteinase inhibitors (PIN) as a strategy to protect themselves against the damage caused by herbivorous insects.
110662	Potato type II proteinase inhibitor, PINI	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects	Solanum nigrum - Black nightshade, SOLNI	Plants produce proteinase inhibitors (PIN) as a strategy to protect themselves against the damage caused by herbivorous insects.
106414	PPO Suppression Transgene		Malus domestica - Apple, MALDO
104309	PPV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses	Plum Pox Virus - PPV, Sharka	The cp gene from PPV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Plum Pox Virus. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by PPV.
110670	Prosystemin gene	Resistance to diseases and pests	Solanum nigrum - Black nightshade, SOLNI	The systemin precursor (Prosystemin) is a 200 amino acid peptide precursor of Systemin. The active form of Systemin is an 18 amino acid plant peptide hormone involved in the wound response to herbivore and pathogen attacks in the Solanaceae family.
108283	Protamine 1 coding sequence	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal)	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Protamines are polycationic, highly basic polypeptides that bind to DNA and substitute for the somatic histones and transition proteins required for spermatogenesis in vertebrates. The highly positively charged nature of protamines allows them to electrostatically bind to the negatively charged heparin molecules there fore neutralizing the anticoagulant effects of heparin following cardiovascular surgery.
111083	Protein 17 coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Potato leaf roll virus (PLRV), Potato virus Y (PVY)	Potato leafroll virus (PLRV)	The pr17 gene of potato leafroll virus codes for a 17-kDa protein that is a putative movement protein for the phloem-limited luteovirus.
104338	Proteinase inhibitor II gene	Resistance to diseases and pests	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Plant protease inhibitors such as PinII have been proposed to function as part of the plant defense system. Protease inhibitors are abundant proteins in the storage organs and seeds of plants In addition, their synthesis is induced to high levels in response to stress, infection and wounding.
100367	Proteinase inhibitor II gene terminator		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
110883	Proteinase inhibitor II transit peptide		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
15026	PRSV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Papaya ringspot potyvirus resistance	Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)	The cp gene from PRSV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Papaya ringspot virus. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by PRSV.
101021	Ps7s7		Subterranean clover stunt virus - SCSV, Subterranean clover stunt virus
101940	PSbMV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses	Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus - PSbMV	The cp gene from PSbMV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Pea Seed-borne Mosaic Virus coat protein. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by PSbMV.
103097	PsbY transit peptide		Spinacia oleracea - Spinach, SPIOL
101407	pTA29 pollen specific promoter		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
101408	P-tac promoter
101411	pUC origin of replication
101410	pUC19 plasmid
15020	PVY coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Potato virus Y (PVY)	Potato virus Y - PVY	The cp gene from PVY encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Potato virus Y strain O. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by PVY.
103123	Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase, Intron 3		Flaveria trinervia - Clustered Yellowtops, speedyweed, flaveria, yellow twinstem
15416	Quinolinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase gene	Reduced nicotine content	Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	The NtQPT1 gene codes for quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (QPTase). This enzyme is responsible for the production of nicotinic acid, a nicotine precursor.
104448	Quinolinic Acid Phosphoribosyltransferase gene Promoter		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
111529	RA5B gene terminator		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
100344	Rabies Glycoprotein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses	Rabies virus - Rabies virus	The rabies virus glycoprotein (G) forms surface projections through the viral lipid envelope and is the only protein capable of inducing and reacting with virus-neutralizing antibody. IDuring virus uptake by the host cell, G must interact efficiently with cell surface receptors that can mediate rapid internalization of the virus.
104795	RB7 matrix attachment region		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
102611	rbcL ribosomal binding site		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC	This is the ribosome binding site of the large subunit of a multimeric enzyme (RuBisCo) involved in photosynthesis. A ribosomal binding site (RBS) is a sequence on mRNA that is bound by the ribosome when initiating protein translation.
110887	rbcS promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
100349	rbcS Promoter		Helianthus annuus - Sunflower, HELAN
103851	rbcS Promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
103853	rbcS Terminator		Nicotiana tabacum - Tobacco, TOBAC
103616	rbcS Transit Peptide		Pisum sativum - Garden pea, PEA
101902	rbcS Transit Peptide		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
101877	rbcS-E9 gene terminator		Pisum sativum - Garden pea, PEA
108043	Recombinant human lactoferrin coding sequence	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal)	Homo sapiens - HUMAN	Lactoferrin is an iron-binding glycoprotein of the transferrin family, first isolated from milk but also found in most exocrine secretions as well as in the secondary granules of neutrophils. The many reports on its antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activityin vitro identify lactoferrin as important in host defense against infection and excessive inflammation. ...
111602	Recombinase A gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Sinorhizobium meliloti - RHIML	Recombinase A (RecA) plays a central role in natural recombination processes, DNA repair processes and the control of gene expression following DNA damage.
103740	Red Fluorescent Protein gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Discosoma sp. - Coral anemones, Sea anemones	The red fluorescent protein (RFP) is a protein that exhibits bright red fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range
111747	Ribosome-inactivating protein I gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	Protein synthesis inhibitor I inhibits the elongation phase of protein synthesis. It effectively inactivates fungal ribosomes and is thought to function as a constitutive antifungal agent in plants.
100364	Rice actin 1 gene promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
100355	Rice actin 1, intron		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
111530	Rice actin 1, leader sequence		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
110886	Root locus C gene	Changes in physiology and/or production	Agrobacterium rhizogenes - AGRRH	The cytokinin-beta-glucosidase encoded by rolC hydrolyses cytokinin-glucosides, releasing active forms of cytokinin.
111296	Root locus C promoter		Agrobacterium rhizogenes - AGRRH
100381	rrnB Terminator		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
103768	RuBisCO small subunit gene 5'UTR		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
104632	RuBisCo SSU Terminator		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
101870	RZM Genetic Element	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Beet necrotic yellow virus (BNYV)	Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus - BNYVV	RNA 1 encodes the RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) or replicase protein responsible for the propagation of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV). The RZM genetic element is the inverted repeat of a part of the RNA-1 gene transcript of the BNYVV. In plants carrying the RZM gene, it confers resistance to Rhizomania disease caused by BNYVV by disrupting the replication process of the virus thus leading to a reduction in the development of the virus in the plant.
15017	S-adenosylmethionine hydrolase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Ripening	Bacteriophage T3 - Phage T3, T3	The SAMase gene encodes S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) hydrolase which is capable of degrading and thus reducing SAM. The conversion of SAM to 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is the first step in ethylene biosynthesis and the lack of sufficient pools of SAM results in significantly reduced synthesis of this phytohormone, which is known to play a key role in fruit ripening.
103895	SAMS Promoter		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
104818	SCP1 promoter
102033	SEKDEL ER retention signal
111570	Serine acetyltransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Antioxidants Tolerance to abiotic stress	Escherichia coli - ECOLX	Serine acetyltransferases catalyse the production of cysteine and glutathion in the chloroplast. In plants, glutathion plays an essential role in the manargement of biotic and abiotic stress, like for example the tolerance to heavy metals and the pathogen defense response.
101929	Serine protease inhibitor gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi	Galleria mellonella - Wax moth, Honeycomb Moth	Gene expression is induced during humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella against fungal pathogens.
104313	Silk Proteinase Inhibitor 2	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria, Fungi	Galleria mellonella - Wax moth, Honeycomb Moth	Silk Proteinase Inhibitor 2 (SPI 2) is a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor that was identified within the silk of [i]Galleria mellonella[/i]. Based on its effect on bacterial and fungal proteinases, and on the developmental profile of its production, it is assumed that it protects silk proteins from microbial destruction.
101519	Sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	In oilseed rape plants Sinapoylglucose:choline sinapoyltransferase (SCT) catalyses the conversion of sinapoylglucose to sinapoyl-choline (sinapine). A number of plant components like sinapic acid esters restrict the use of oilseed rape products in human and animal nutrition. In oilseed rape these compounds are present in much higher concentrations than in other oil-rich seeds, which accounts for the bitter taste and astringency of oilseed rape products. ...
103024	Single-chain Fragment variable (scFv) antibody BA11	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Antibodies and antigens	Mus musculus - Mouse, House mouse, MOUSE	The single chain antibody scFv BA11 is a synthetic molecule comprised from the variable fragments of a complete IgG antibody which are linked by a synthetic peptide through phage display-technology. The scFv BA11 antibody targets F4-fimbria of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cells that attach to the intestinal wall of pigs and might cause diarrhea.
105733	Slow Anion Channel-Associated 1 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	The plasma membrane protein SLAC1 is essential for stomatal closure in response to CO2, abscisic acid, ozone, light/dark transitions, humidity change, calcium ions, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide.
108875	Snf7 coding sequence	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Coleoptera (beetles) - Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera)	Diabrotica virgifera virgifera - Western corn rootworm, DIAVI	The WCR Snf7 ortholog (DvSnf7) is a component of the ESCRT-III complex (endosomal sorting complex required for transport), which is involved in essential biological processes including sorting of cell membrane receptors.
103626	Sorghum bicolor legumin protein Terminator		Sorghum bicolor - Sorghum
101520	Stilbene Synthase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Antioxidants, Flavonoids (e.g. anthocyanin) Resistance to diseases and pests - Fungi Tolerance to abiotic stress	Vitis vinifera - Grape Vine	Stilbene synthase catalyses the conversion of p-Cumaroyl-CoA to resveratrol. Resveratrol (3,5,4-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) belongs to the flavonoid group of compounds and is classed among the phytoalexins.Phytoalexins are a class of antibiotic polyphenol compounds that form part of the plant defence system. Resveratrol was first identified and isolated from Japanese knotweed plants, but it is also present in grapevine (Vitis vinifera), pine, linseed, sesame seed and peanuts. ...
103887	Stilbene Synthase Terminator		Vitis vinifera - Grape Vine
48458	Stomatal density and distribution 1 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Drought	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	The gene product of the sdd1-gene (stomatal density and distribution), SDD1 is a subtilisin-like serine protease, which evidently functions as a negative regulator of guard cell development. The overexpression of SDD1 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana causes a reduction of guard cell density to approximately 40% of the wild type.
48460	Stomatal density and distribution 1 gene	Tolerance to abiotic stress - Drought	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The gene product of the sdd1 gene (stomatal density and distribution), SDD1 is a subtilisin-like serine protease, which evidently functions as a negative regulator of guard cell development. The overexpression of SDD1 in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana causes a reduction of guard cell density to approximately 40% of the wild type.
110606	Stopper Sequence
109045	Strawberry vein banding virus promoter		Strawberry vein banding virus - SVBV
107864	Sucrose Invertase 2 gene	Use in industrial applications - Biofuel production	Saccharomyces cerevisiae - Yeast, YEASX	The SUC2 gene of the yeast [i]Saccharomyces cerevisiae[/i] encodes the secreted enzyme invertase, which hydrolyses sucrose and raffinose.
110884	Sucrose isomerase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Erwinia rhapontici - ERWRD	Sucrose isomerases (SI) convert sucrose into varying isomers. The SI described here converts sucrose into its isomer isomaltulose (brand name palatinose, 6-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose).
111322	Sucrose synthase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	Sucrose synthase reversibly catalyzes sucrose synthesis from, and cleavage to NDP-glucose and fructose.
101594	Sucrose transporter gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU	The HvSUT1 gene encodes a membrane transport protein which mediates the energy-dependent transport of saccharose (sucrose) across cell membranes against a concentration gradient. Sucrose transporters are thought to be among the basic components of all higher plants, since saccharose is the universal transport form of all photoassimilates. ...
111323	Sucrose transporter gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Spinacia oleracea - Spinach, SPIOL	The sucrose transporter is responsible for the loading of sucrose into the phloem. This enables the transport of carbons from photosynthetic tissues to non-photosynthetic tissues in plants.
102882	Sucrose transporter promoter		Hordeum vulgare - Barley, HORVU
46095	Sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase gene	Increased inulin	Helianthus tuberosus - Sunflower, Jerusalem artichokes , Sunroot, Sunchoke	Involved in inulin biosynthesis by catalysing the synthesis of trisaccharide 1-kestose from two molecules of sucrose, thereby releasing glucose.
111065	Sucrose-sucrose-1-fructosyltransferase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Carbohydrates	Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus - Artichoke, Globe artichoke, CYNCS	The sucrose-sucrose-1-fructosyltransferase (SST) from [i]C. scolymus[/i] is an enzyme involved in fructan metabolism. It catalyses the synthesis of 1-kestose, a trisaccharide, from sucrose.
103217	Synthetic cry1C gene	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) - armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)		Spodoptera insect pest control
103553	Synthetic elastin-like protein	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) Use in industrial applications		Elastin is a structural protein found in mammals that confers elasticity to connective tissues. Examples for the function of elastin are the elasticity of big blood vessels such as the aorta or the dimensional stability of pulmonary alveolis. Elastin is made up of two domain types: A hydrophobic domain consisting of repeats of oligopeptides rich in glycin, alanine, valine and proline alternating with a hydrophilic domain that also incorporates lysine residues. ...
105606	Synthetic Minimal Plant promoter
48457	Synthetic spider silk protein coding sequence	Use in industrial applications	Nephila clavipes - Golden silk orbweaver spider	The SO1 gene comprises the repetitive part of the naturally occuring MaSpl gene; The 3´-localised non-repetitive sequence of approximately 180 bp was removed from SO1. The genes MaSpI and MaSpII encode the spider silk proteins in the dragline core fibre of the golden silk orbweaver spider Nephila clavipes. For more information on MaSpI and MaSpII see BCH records: 48455 and 48456
103758	telAB gene	Selectable marker genes and reporter genes	Enterobacter aerogenes - Enterobacter	This gene, along with kilA, confers resistance to the chemical compound potassium tellurite (K2TeO3). The use of this gene as marker was developed to suit strains that were aimed to be released in field trials, where it is not desirable to use antibiotic resistance genes as marker tools for tracking the bacteria. Makes selective plating on potassium tellurite possible.
100356	Terminator of the wheat heat shock protein 17.3		Triticum aestivum - Wheat
105038	tet Operator Sequences		Escherichia coli - ECOLX
101475	Tetracycline-controlled transactivator	Conditional lethality		Tetracycline-controlled transactivator (tTAV) is a synthetic protein coding sequence based on a fusion of sequences from Escherichia coli and Herpes simplex virus (VP16 transcriptional activator). ...
111930	Tetrameric ubiquitin gene promoter		Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO
111934	Tetrameric ubiquitin gene terminator		Ananas comosus - Pineapple, ANACO
104664	TEV 5' Untranslated Region		Tobacco etch virus - TEV
15005	Thioesterase	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Omega-3 fatty acids (e.g. DHA)	Umbellularia californica - Laurel, California Bay Laurel, UMBCA	The TE gene codes for the enzyme 12:0 ACP thioesterase which is active in the fatty acid biosynthetic pathway of developing seeds and causes the accumulation of triacylglycerides containing esterified lauric acid and, to a lesser extent, myristic acid.
111085	Threonine synthase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The chloroplast-localized threonine synthase is involved in amino-acid biosynthesis. It catalyses the irreversible conversion of homoserine into threonine.
103753	Thylakoid membrane protein gene promoter		Amaranthus hybridus - Slim Amaranth, Green Amaranth, Pigweed
101415	Ti plasmid left border repeat		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
101416	Ti plasmid right border repeat		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
103750	Tilapia Growth Hormone gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Growth rate	Oreochromis hornorum x Oreochromis aureus - Hybrid tilapia	Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals.
108703	TMV 35s promoter		Tobacco mosaic virus - TMV
103067	Transcript 7 gene 3' untranslated region		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
103642	Transcription termination factor		pSVL plasmid
100360	Transit peptide and first intron of Rubisco SSU		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
106440	Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Aedes aegypti - Yellow fever mosquito, AEDAE	Trypsin-modulating oostatic factor (TMOF), a mosquito decapeptide, terminates trypsin biosynthesis in the mosquito gut.
104340	Tumour Morphology Large gene terminator		Agrobacterium tumefaciens - Agrobacterium, Rhizobium, RHIRD
111873	Tyrosine suppressor tRNA gene		Escherichia coli - ECOLX	A suppressor tRNA contains a mutation in the anticodon region that leads to its recognition and binding to a stop codon. This leads to the suppression of protein truncation resulting from a nonsense mutation. Therefore the suppressor tRNA will bind and incorporate its amino acid, instead of the regular release factor binding and causing termination, allowing translation to continue. ...
103927	Ubiquitin 5' Untranslated Region		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
104873	Ubiquitin 7 gene Promoter		Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA
101874	Ubiquitin gene 3 promoter		Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH
100362	Ubiquitin gene promoter		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
111526	Ubiquitin gene promoter		Andropogon gerardii - Big bluestem, Turkeyfoot, Tall bluestem, Bluejoint, ANGER
101941	Ubiquitin gene promoter		Saccharum sp. - Sugar cane
110612	Ubiquitin gene terminator		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
103627	Ubiquitin Intron 1		Zea mays - Maize, Corn, MAIZE
111528	Ubiquitin Intron Sequence		Andropogon gerardii - Big bluestem, Turkeyfoot, Tall bluestem, Bluejoint, ANGER
111527	Ubiquitin leader sequence		Andropogon gerardii - Big bluestem, Turkeyfoot, Tall bluestem, Bluejoint, ANGER
111059	Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein gene promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
111058	Ubiquitin-ribosomal protein gene terminator		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
101523	UDP-glucose:sinapate glucosyltransferase	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Protein and amino acids	Brassica napus - Turnip, Rapeseed, Canola Plant, Oilseed Rape, Rape, BRANA	As a step in the biosynthesis of sinapine the UDP-glucose:sinapate glucosyltransferase catalyses the conversion of sinapic acid to sinapoyl glucose. A number of plant components including sinapic acid esters restrict the use of oilseed rape products in human and animal nutrition. In oilseed rape these compounds are present in much higher concentrations than in other oil-rich seeds, which accounts for the bitter taste and astringency of oilseed rape products. ...
105173	UL32 gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Gallid herpesvirus 1 - ILTV	UL32 is a glycoprotein that plays a role in efficient localization of neo-synthesized capsids to nuclear replication compartments, thereby controlling cleavage and packaging of virus genomic DNA.
103026	Unknown seed protein-promoter		Vicia faba - Broad Bean, Tick Bean, Windsor Bean, Horse Bean, Pigeon Bean, Field Bean
111569	Uridine monophosphate synthase gene	Changes in physiology and/or production - Yield	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The uridine monophosphate synthase of [i]Solanum tuberosum[/i] is a bifunctional enzyme which acts as an orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and an orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase. These two sites catalyze the last two steps of the de novo uridine monophosphate biosynthetic pathway.
110464	Vacuolar Membrane Transporter 1 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Arabidopsis thaliana - Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH	Vacuolar iron transporter involved in the transfer of iron from the cytosol to the vacuole for intracellular iron storage. Vacuolar iron storage is required for seed embryo and seedling development.
110465	Vacuolar Membrane Transporter 1 gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration	Tulipa gesneriana - Tulip, Garden Tulip, Didier's tulip, TULGE	Vacuolar iron transporter involved in the transfer of iron from the cytosol to the vacuole for intracellular iron storage. Vacuolar iron storage is required for seed embryo and seedling development.
14990	Vegetative insecticidal protein 3A	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	The vip3A gene codes for a vegetative insecticidal protein which confers tolerance to lepidopteran insect pests such as the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa zea), tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens), pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua), soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni), and cotton leaf perforator (Bucculatrix thurberiella).
100887	Vegetative insecticidal protein 3Aa20	Resistance to diseases and pests - Insects - Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	Bacillus thuringiensis - Bt, Bacillus, BACTU	Vip3A is a group of vegetative insecticidal proteins (i.e., produced during the vegetative stage of bacterial growth) from [i]Bacillus thuringiensis[/i], a gram-positive bacterium commonly found in soil. The Vip3A proteins are highly toxic to some lepidopteran insects. ...
105223	Viral Protein 2 gene	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Infectious bursal disease virus - Gumboro virus	VP2 is a component of the IBDV viral capsid. It is the major host-protective immunogen of IBDV, and contains the immunogenic regions responsible for the induction of neutralising antibodies.
102024	Viral protein 60	Production of medical or pharmaceutical compounds (human or animal) - Vaccines	Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus - RHDV	The viral capsid protein VP60 is a structural protein of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV). The VP60 protein alone does not trigger the disease in rabbits. The vaccines used in this case contain inactivated virus and thus the VP60 protein.
15024	WMV-2 coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Mosaic virus - Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV2)	Watermelon mosaic virus 2 (WMV-2)	The cp gene from WMV-2 encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Watermelon mosaic virus-2. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by WMV-2.
106342	Wound induceable promoter		Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU
103726	WRKY45	Resistance to diseases and pests - Bacteria, Fungi	Oryza sativa - Rice, ORYSA	The WRKY45 transcription factor is upregulated during the Benzothiadiazole (BTH)-induced disease resistance which sets off a signalling cascade that protects plants from diseases by activating the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway
111594	Xylanase Z gene	Use in industrial applications	Ruminiclostridium thermocellum - CLOTM	Xylanases hydrolyse the glycosidic bonds between unsubstituted xylose residues, leading to the degradation of xylan, a component of the hemicellulose found in plant cell walls.
100278	Zeaxanthin epoxidase gene	Changes in quality and/or metabolite content - Pigmentation / Coloration Tolerance to abiotic stress	Solanum tuberosum - Potato, SOLTU	The ZEP protein (EC 1.14.13.90) catalyzes the epoxidation of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin. Violaxanthin serves as a precursor molecule for many carotenoids, such as the phytohormone abscisic acid. ...
15025	ZYMV coat protein	Resistance to diseases and pests - Viruses - Mosaic virus - Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)	Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV)	The cp gene from ZYMV encodes the coat protein (CP) gene from Zucchini yellow mosaic virus. Through a process related to viral cross-protection, transgenic lines with this gene exhibit resistance to infection and subsequent disease caused by ZYMV.
104359	α' subunit of β-conglycinin gene promoter		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN
103856	α' subunit of β-conglycinin gene terminator		Glycine max - Soybean, Soya bean, Soya, SOYBN