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Once the nucleic acid manipulation has been completed the cassette then needs to be introduced into plant cells in order for them to generate a plant expressing the new genetic trait. This is known as transformation of the plant cell. Two of the more commonly used methods are:
  1. Agrobacterium mediated DNA transfer; and
  2. Particle bombardment of plant cells.

The recipient organism is then transformed by different methods (e.g. via infection using Agrobacterium, particle bombardment, injection, etc) for integration of the gene construct into the genome of the recipient organism.