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The Protocol also defines "modern biotechnology" in its article 3.
Question: Is fermentation mediated by bacteria for the production of wine considered a tool of modern biotechnology?
Answer: No. Fermentation in itself is a "biotechnology" tool but it is not considered "modern biotechnology" because it does not involve the use of in vitro nucleic acid or cell fusion. Note, however, that if the bacteria used in the fermentation were modified through DNA techniques, the bacteria themselves were produced through "modern biotechnology" and are LMOs.
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