The Protocol also defines "modern biotechnology" in its article 3.

Question: Is fermentation mediated by bacteria for the production of wine considered a tool of modern biotechnology?

Yes No See answer»

(ii) “Modern biotechnology” means the application of:

a. in vitro nucleic acid techniques, including recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and direct injection of nucleic acid into cells or organelles, or

b. fusion of cells beyond the taxonomic family,

that overcome natural physiological reproductive or recombination barriers and that are not techniques used in traditional breeding and selection.

Modern biotechnology techniques include, but are not limited to, in vitro DNA and RNA techniques for the modification of genetic material (e.g. by insertion, modification or deletion of genes or other nucleic acid sequences) in all types of organisms, such as plants, animals, microbes and viruses.