These Proceedings reflect the breadth of topics presented in the Conference "LMOs and the Environment" and include a few additional contributed papers that subsequently were developed by participants. These Proceedings contain descriptions of the risk assessment process made for specific crops as well as presentations for how the process should be undertaken for any engineered crop. These papers, in some cases, supply useful direction for ongoing risk assessment, and in others, provide more theoretical considerations. Some of the papers offer suggestions on how to deal with controversial issues surrounding risk assessment, such as the role of uncertainty. Other papers provide a rationale for considering impacts on social and economic factors when risk assessments are conducted.