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Organismo
(ORGA)
published: 05 abr. 2006
last updated: 16 sep. 2026
Malus domestica
| Kingdom | Plantae |
| Phylum | Magnoliophyta |
| Class | Magnoliopsida |
| Order | Rosales |
| Family | Rosaceae |
| Subfamily | Amygdaloideae |
| Genus | Malus |
| Species | Malus domestica |
- Malus Bork (L.) Britton
- Malus pumila
- Malus pumila var. domestica (Borkh.) C. K. Schneider
- Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf
- Pyrus malus L.
- Malus communis var. domestica (Suckow) Gams
- Malus dasyphylla var. domestica (Suckow) Koidz.
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AppleEN
Widely cultivated commercial cultivars include: ‘Gala’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Red Delicious’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Honeycrisp’, ‘Cripps Pink’, ‘Braeburn’, ‘Jonagold’, ‘McIntosh’, ‘Idared’, ‘Elstar’ and ‘Cox’s Orange Pippin’. Cultivar importance varies considerably among geographic regions and production systems.
- GBIF - Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. [ English ]
- Catalogue of life - Malus domestica [ English ]
Cultivos
Domesticado
The centre of origin and domestication of Malus domestica is considered to be Central Asia, particularly the Tian Shan mountain region, encompassing parts of present-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The Central Asian wild apple, Malus sieversii, is regarded as the principal progenitor of the cultivated apple based on morphological, historical and molecular evidence. During its dispersal westward, particularly along ancient trade routes, cultivated apple also received genetic contributions through hybridization and introgression from other wild Malus species, notably the European crabapple M. sylvestris and, to a lesser extent, other Eurasian wild apples.
The centre of genetic diversity and likely original domestication of Malus domestica is the Tian Shan region of Central Asia, particularly present-day Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Malus sieversii, which forms highly diverse wild populations in this region, is considered the primary progenitor of cultivated apple (Cornille et al., 2012). During its subsequent dispersal across Eurasia, cultivated apple acquired additional genetic diversity through introgression with regional wild relatives, particularly M. sylvestris in Europe and M. orientalis in the Caucasus.
Malus domestica is a deciduous tree adapted primarily to temperate climates. It is predominantly associated with managed habitats, including commercial and domestic orchards, gardens and other cultivated areas. Trees may also persist outside cultivation in disturbed sites, roadsides, field margins, abandoned orchards and woodland edges. Its principal wild progenitor, M. sieversii, occurs naturally in temperate mountain forests and woodland, particularly in the Tian Shan region, where populations are found at approximately 1,200–1,800 m elevation.
Although originating in Central Asia, Malus domestica has been disseminated through human cultivation and is now widely cultivated throughout temperate regions of the world. It is grown extensively across Europe, Asia, North America, South America, Australia, New Zealand and parts of Africa, particularly in regions with suitable temperate or high-elevation climates. Its native range extends broadly from Afghanistan through Central Asia to Xinjiang, China.
ES
- Alimentación
Other edible species from the genus Malus include flowering crabapples and fruit crabapples, such as M. sieversii, M. sylvestris, M. orientalis, M. baccata and M. prunifolia, whose fruits may be consumed fresh or used in preserves, jellies and cider.
- NCBI - NLM - Malus domestica [ English ]
- New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple.pdf ( apple, domestication, Malus, gene flow, genetic diversity ) [ English ]
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew - Malus domestica [ English ]
- Uniprot - Malus domestica [ English ]
- OECD Consensus document on the Biology of Crops.pdf ( Biology of crops, safety assessment, apple, Malus domestica ) [ English ]
| Tipo de registro | Campo | Registro(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organismos vivos modificados | Organismo receptor u organismos parentales | 6 | |
| Elemento genético | Organismo donante (nombre científico) | 5 | |
