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Living Modified Organism (LMO)
  |  
Decisions on the LMO Risk Assessments  
last updated: 10 Jul 2026
Living Modified Organism identity
The image below identifies the LMO through its unique identifier, trade name and a link to this page of the BCH. Click on it to download a larger image on your computer. For help on how to use it go to the LMO quick-links page.
Insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize
EN
MON89034 × MON87411 × TC1507 × 59122 × DAS40278
Yes
MON-89Ø34-3 × MON-87411-9 × DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 × DAS-59122-7 × DAS-4Ø278-9
The maize (Zea mays) was produced through cross‑breeding of modified parental varieties MON-89Ø34-3, MON-87411-9, DAS-Ø15Ø7-1, DAS-59122-7, and DAS-4Ø278-9.
Maize MON-89Ø34-3 was modified for resistance against lepidopteran pests such as fall armyworm (Spodoptera sp.), black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and the corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea). To achieve Lepidoptera resistance, the maize expresses two Bacillus thuringiensis toxins encoded by the genes cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2
Maize MON-87411-9 was modified for resistance to coleopteran insect pests and tolerance to glyphosate herbicide. To achieve Coleoptera resistance, the maize expresses the gene, the maize expresses inverted repeat sequences of the Snf7 gene designed to matching the sequence of Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), which trigger the rootworm's RNA interference pathway response to block replication, which results in the directed degradation of the endogenous Snf7 protein and cause death upon consumption of the LM maize. The maize also expresses the cry3Bb1 gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis, which have a pore forming mode-of-action in the epithelial lining of feeding larvae. To achieve glyphosate tolerance, the maize expresses enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, encoded by the cp4 epsps gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4, which has reduced binding affinity for glyphosate and allows continued synthesis of aromatic amino acids through the shikimate pathway in the presence of the herbicide.
Maize DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 was modified for resistance to the lepidopteran European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) and tolerance to herbicide glufosinate ammonium. To achieve lepidopteran resistance, the modified corn Bacillus thuringiensis expresses the Cry1F protein (delta-endotoxin/crystal protein),which has a pore forming mode of action in the epithelial lines of the feeding insect larvae. To achieve tolerance to the herbicide glufinosinate, the modified corn expresses Streptomyces viridochromogenes phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase, which acetylates the glufosinate ammonium herbicide to form a non-toxic compound, preventing the inhibition of glutamine synthetase and thus preserving ammonia levels and nitrogen metabolism in the plant.
Maize DAS-59122-7 was modified for resistance against coleopteran insect pests, such as Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), Northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi) and Mexican corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera zeae), and for tolerance to herbicides containing glufosinate-ammonium. To achieve Coleoptera resistance, the maize expresses the cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis. The cry genes have a pore forming mode-of-action in the epithelial lining of feeding larvae; they produce a crystal delta-endotoxin that binds to specific midgut receptors in the insect larva, forming pores that disrupt osmotic balance and cause fatal cell lysis. To achieve glufosinate tolerance, the maize expresses the gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes encoding phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase, which inactivates the active compound L-phosphinothricin through acetylation of the primary amino group.
Maize DAS-4Ø278-9 was modified for tolerance to the herbicides 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and aryloxyphenoxypropionate (AOPP) acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors. To achieve herbicide tolerance, the maize expresses an optimised coding sequence for aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase from Sphingobium herbicidovoran. 
EN
The term “Recipient organism” refers to an organism (either already modified or non-modified) that was subjected to genetic modification, whereas “Parental organisms” refers to those that were involved in cross breeding or cell fusion.
  • BCH-ORGA-SCBD-246-6 Organism Zea mays (Maize, Corn, MAIZE)
    Crops
  • BCH-LMO-SCBD-43773-18 Living Modified Organism MON-89Ø34-3 - YieldGard™ VT Pro™
    Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths))
  • BCH-LMO-SCBD-14841-16 Living Modified Organism DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 - Herculex™ I maize
    Dow AgroSciences, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)), Resistance to herbicides (Glufosinate)
  • BCH-LMO-SCBD-15165-13 Living Modified Organism DAS-59122-7 - Herculex™ RW Rootworm Protection maize
    Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc. | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Coleoptera (beetles)), Resistance to herbicides (Glufosinate)
  • BCH-LMO-SCBD-108881-2 Living Modified Organism MON-87411-9 - Herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant maize
    Monsanto | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Coleoptera (beetles), Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera), Northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi)), Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)
  • BCH-LMO-SCBD-104814-2 Living Modified Organism DAS-4Ø278-9 - Enlist™ Maize
    Dow AgroSciences GmbH | Resistance to herbicides, Tolerance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Tolerance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate
EN
Characteristics of the modification process
PV-ZMIR245; PHI8999A derived from plasmid PHP8999; PV-ZMIR10871; PHP17662; pDAS1740
EN
  • Cross breeding
 
1.980 kb
 
 
1.820 kb
 
 
0.720 kb
 
 
0.620 kb
 
 
0.800 kb
 
 
0.240 kb
 
 
0.240 kb
 
 
0.630 kb
 
Some of these genetic elements may be present as fragments or truncated forms. Please see notes below, where applicable.
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-104795-4 RB7 matrix attachment region | Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco, TOBAC )
    Enhancer
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-101507-5 FMV 34S promoter | Figwort mosaic virus (Figwort mottle virus, FMV, CMoVb)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100359-7 Hsp70 intron | Zea mays (Maize, Corn, MAIZE)
    Intron
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100360-4 Transit peptide and first intron of Rubisco SSU | Zea mays (Maize, Corn, MAIZE)
    Transit signal
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14988-7 Cry2Ab2 | Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Bacillus, BACTU)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100269-8 Nopaline Synthase Gene Terminator | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100366-6 CaMV Enhanced 35S promoter | Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100354-6 5' untranslated leader from chlorophyll a/b-binding protein | Triticum aestivum (Wheat)
    Leader sequence
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100355-6 Rice actin 1, intron | Oryza sativa (Rice, ORYSA)
    Intron
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-43771-9 Cry1A.105 | Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Bacillus, BACTU)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100356-6 Heat shock protein 17.3 terminator | Triticum aestivum (Wheat)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100365-6 Chloroplast transit peptide 2 | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Transit signal
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14979-7 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glyphosate)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100368-6 Peroxidase gene promoter | Triticum aestivum (Wheat)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14995-8 Cry35Ab1 | Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Bacillus, BACTU)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Coleoptera (beetles))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100367-4 Proteinase inhibitor II gene terminator | Solanum tuberosum (Potato, SOLTU)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100362-7 Ubiquitin gene promoter | Zea mays (Maize, Corn, MAIZE)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14994-9 Cry34Ab1 | Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Bacillus, BACTU)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Coleoptera (beetles))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14987-8 Cry1F | Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Bacillus, BACTU)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100363-5 ORF25 PolyA Terminator sequence | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100287-7 CaMV 35S promoter | Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-15002-5 Phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase | Streptomyces viridochromogenes (STRVR)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides (Glufosinate)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100290-6 CaMV 35S terminator | Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-108875-2 Snf7 coding sequence | Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Western corn rootworm, DIAVI)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Coleoptera (beetles), Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-101877-5 rbcS-E9 gene terminator | Pisum sativum (Garden pea, PEA)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-108877-1 Alpha Tubulin Gene promoter | Oryza sativa (Rice, ORYSA)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-108880-1 Alpha Tubulin Gene terminator | Oryza sativa (Rice, ORYSA)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-108876-1 pIIG gene promoter | Zea mays (Maize, Corn, MAIZE)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14993-5 Cry3Bb1 | Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt, Bacillus, BACTU)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Insects, Coleoptera (beetles))
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-104812-3 Aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase gene | Sphingobium herbicidovorans (SPHHE)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to herbicides,Tolerance to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,Tolerance to aryloxyphenoxypropionate
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-104813-4 Per5 3' Untranslated Region | Zea mays (Maize, Corn, MAIZE)
    Terminator
DNA insert from MON-89Ø34-3 (vector PV-ZMIR245)
The transforming plasmid for maize MON-89Ø34-3 contained a transfer DNA (T-DNA I) region comprising two genetic cassettes expressing the Cry proteins encoded by genes cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 from Bacillus thuringiensis and a T-DNA II region comprising a selection marker cassette expressing nptII gene encoding neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) for kanamycin resistance.
T-DNA I insert
(1) The cry1A.105 gene is regulated by the enhanced Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (e35S) and the Triticum aestivum Heat shock protein 17.3 terminator. A 5' untranslated leader from chlorophyll a/b-binding protein from Triticum aestivum and an intron from Oryza sativa (rice actin intron 1) were included to enhance expression of the cry1A.105 sequence from Bacillus thuringiensis. High levels of transcription are expected due to the strong constitutive promoter accompanied by intron-mediated enhancement as well as the presence of a leader sequence.
(2) The cry2Ab2 gene is regulated by Figwort mosaic virus 34S promoter and Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) gene terminator. An intron from the Zea mays heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and Zea mays transit peptide and first intron of Rubisco SSU were included to direct the produced protein to the chloroplast and to enhance expression of the cry1A.105 sequence from Bacillus thuringiensis.
Note
  • A second T-DNA, designated as T-DNA II, contains the nptII (neomycin phosphotransferase II) expression cassette. The nptII gene cassette that produces the NPTII protein consists of the promoter (P-e35S) from the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S RNA followed by the 3’ untranslated region of the nos sequence from Agrobacterium tumefaciens which terminates the transcription and directs polyadenylation.
  • Once transgenic plants had been regenerated, the selectable marker gene was no longer needed and conventional breeding was used to isolate plants that only contain the cry1A.105 and the cry2Ab2 expression cassettes (T-DNA I) and did not contain the nptII expression cassette (T-DNA II), thereby, producing marker-free transgenic lines, one of which was selected and designated as MON89034.
  • The Cry2Ab2 coding sequence was modified for optimal expression in plants.
  • Southern blot analyses demonstrated that the DNA inserted into the corn genome is present at a single locus and contains one functional copy of the cry1A.105 and the cry2Ab2 expression cassettes. 
  • All genetic elements are present in the inserted DNA as expected with the exception that the e35S promoter, which regulates expression of the cry1A.105 gene, has been modified and that the Right Border sequence present in PV-ZMIR245 was replaced by a Left Border sequence in MON89034.
  • No backbone plasmid DNA or nptII sequences were detected. PCR and DNA sequence analyses provided the complete DNA sequence of the insert and confirmed the organization of the elements within the insert. 
  • Furthermore sequence analysis indicated that MON89034 no longer has the duplicated enhancer elements compared to the original e35S promoter in PV-ZMIR245, possibly due to a recombination event that resulted in its deletion.

DNA insert from MON-87411-9 (vector PV-ZMIR10871)
The transforming plasmid for maize MON-87411-9 comprised three cassettes: two expression cassettes for the cry3Bb1 gene that produces a modified Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kumamotoensis and the cp4 epsps gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4, and a DvSnf7 suppression cassette that expresses an inverted repeat sequence designed to match the sequence of Western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera).
(1) The cry3Bb1 gene is under the regulation of the physical impedance induced protein gene promoter (pIIG) derived from Zea mays and Heat shock protein 17.3 terminator from Triticum aestivum. A 5' untranslated leader from chlorophyll a/b-binding protein from Triticum aestivum and an intron from Oryza sativa (rice actin intron 1) were included to enhance expression of the cry1A.105 sequence from Bacillus thuringiensis.
(2) The cp4 epsps gene is under the regulation of the Oryza sativa alpha tubulin promoter and terminator. The chloroplast transit peptide 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana was included to direct the produced protein to the chloroplast and to enhance expression of the cp4 epsps sequence from Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
(3) The DvSnf7 RNA interference (RNAi) suppression cassette is under control of a Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the Pisum sativum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (rbcS-E9) gene terminator. The coding sequence from this cassette contains two complementary (inverted) sequences (DvSnf7p) with homology to DvSnf7.
Note
  • The DvSnf7p sequence is the partial coding sequence of the Snf7 gene from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera encoding the SNF7 subunit of the ESCRT-III complex. The DvSnf7 suppression cassette contains two 240 bp DvSnf7p sequences in an inverted orientation. There is an intervening sequence of 150 nucleotides between the two DvSnf7p sequences. When the suppression cassette is transcribed, the RNA expressed forms a hairpin loop thereby allowing the formation of double stranded DvSnf7 RNA. The DvSnf7p sequences in the suppression cassette produce a 240 bp double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that upon transcription triggers the RNAi mechanism.
    • Upon transcription, the DvSnf7 sequences base pair due to complementarity (sense-antisense orientations), while the additional sequences initially form a loop. Following the base pairing and the splicing (due to the intron sequences present), a double stranded, hairpin RNA structure is formed. This will trigger an RNAi response in the cell, which will process the hairpin RNA into small interfering RNA. Thus, no protein is expected to be translated from this cassette, including the chloramphenicol-acetyl-transferase. Due to the nature of the Cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, high levels of transcription are expected from this gene cassette.
    • The expression of the suppression cassette results in the formation of a dsRNA transcript containing a 240 bp fragment of the WCR Snf7 gene (DvSnf7). Upon consumption, the plant-produced dsRNA in MON-87411 is recognized by the WCR's RNAi machinery resulting in down regulation of the targeted DvSnf7 gene leading to CRW mortality.
  • Sequencing, PCR, and bioinformatic analysis indicated that a single, intact insert of the DvSnf7 suppression cassette and the cry3Bb1 and cp4 epsps expression cassettes were stably integrated into the maize genome. Analyses also indicated the absence of the plasmid backbone DNA in MON87411 maize.

DNA insert from DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 (vector PHI8999A)
The DNA insert from maize DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 contained two genetic cassettes expressing the cry1F gene from Bacillus thuringiensis and the phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes.
(1) The cry1F gene regulated by the promoter and first exon and intron of the maize ubiquitin gene. The 3' terminator sequence used was the 3' polyadenylation signal from ORF25 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) (see footnote*). Due to the constitutive nature of the promoter, high levels of expression in all plant tissues are expected from this cassette
(2) The pat coding sequence was under control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and terminator. Due to the viral nature of the promoter, high levels of transcriptional expression in all plant tissues are expected from this genetic cassette.
Note
  • The coding sequence of both genes has been optimized to achieve a high level of expression in maize.
  • The sequences of the complete cry1F and pat genes are identical to those in the original plasmid. The proteins produced in the modified plants are the ones intended, including a leucine residue (replacing a phenylalanine) at position 604 (of 605 amino acids in total) of Cry1F. This modification was introduced to create a specific restriction site for cloning purposes.
  • Molecular analyses of the transformed plant show that the event TC1507 contains one site of integration of the introduced DNA which includes a full-length of the DNA fragment used for transformation (i.e. the ~6235 bp of DNA cassette containing the cry1F and pat genes) and an additional copy of the cry1F gene lacking the majority of the associated ubiquitin regulatory sequences.
  • Southern analysis using a cry1F probe carried out by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA; see document below) also revealed the presence of two cry1F inserts. The first represented the intact gene from the expression cassette. The second insert was a truncated cry1F  fragment of 335bp, which is located at the 5’ end of the insertion locus. In addition, analysis of the sequences adjacent to the insert of fragment PHI8999A revealed DNA fragments that correspond to small segments from PHI8999A, including incomplete sequences from the pat coding sequence, the maize ubiquitin promoter and the terminator from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Furthermore, different fragments of chloroplast DNA and a number of sequences with similarity to retrotransposons are also present in the border region of the insert.
Footnote *:  The EFSA document indicates that the 3’ sequence from the A. tumefaciens mannopine synthase gene was used as terminator of the cry1F gene.

DNA insert from DAS-59122-7 (vector PHP17662)
The transforming plasmid for maize DAS-59122-7 comprised three genetic cassettes expressing the cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1 genes from Bacillus thuringiensis strain PS149B1 and the phosphinothricin N-acetyltransferase (pat) gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes.
(1) The cry34Ab1 gene is regulated by the polyubiquitin gene promoter from Zea mays and the proteinase inhibitor II terminator from Solanum tuberosum. The intron 1 from Zea mays was included to enhance expression of the cry34Ab1 sequence from Bacillus thuringiensis. High levels of transcription are expected due to the strong constitutive promoter accompanied by intron-mediated enhancement.
(2) The cry35Ab1 gene is regulated peroxidase gene promoter from Triticum aestivum by the ubiquitin gene promoter from Z. mays and the proteinase inhibitor II terminator from Solanum tuberosum. An intron from Z. mays was included to enhance expression of the cry35Ab1 sequence from B. thuringiensis. High levels of transcription are expected due to the strong constitutive promoter.
(3) The pat gene is regulated by the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and terminator. Due to the viral nature of the promoter, high levels of transcriptional expression in all plant tissues are expected from this genetic cassette.
Note
  • Sequence analysis of 59122 done by the European Food Safety Authority indicated that this LMO contains one complete copy of the transfer DNA (T-DNA) of PHP17662 without internal rearrangements. 
  • All three gene cassettes, cry34Ab1, cry35Ab1 and pat, are intact within the transgenic event. The DNA sequences of the genes in 59122 are identical to those in the original plasmid except for two nucleotide differences in the wheat peroxidise promoter. At the 5’ T-DNA end a deletion of 22 bp is observed and at the 3’ T-DNA end a deletion of 25 bp is observed. The absence of vector backbone in maize 59122 was also demonstrated.

DNA insert from DAS-4Ø278-9 (vector pDAS1740)
The DNA insert from maize DAS-4Ø278-9 comprised a genetic cassette expressing the gene encoding aryloxyalkanoate dioxygenase (aad1) from Sphingobium herbicidovoran using the Whiskers mediated transformation method.
The aad1 gene is regulated by the Zea mays polyubiquitin gene promoter and the peroxidase 5 3' Untranslated Region. The aad1 coding sequence was modified for plant-optimized expression. High levels of transcription are expected due to the strong constitutive promoter. Nicotiana tabacum RB7 matrix attachment 5' and 3' regions were also inserted (MAR) to enhance structural anchoring of chromosomes to the cell's nuclear matrix.
Note
  • Southern blot analysis indicated that a single complete copy of the transformation cassette was stably integrated into the host genome at a single locus and that there was no integration of segments from the vector backbone.

For additional information on this LMO, please refer to the records of the parental LMOs.
EN
LMO characteristics
EN
  • Feed
  • Food
Detection method(s)
EN
Additional Information
DNA insert from MON-89Ø34-3 (vector PV-ZMIR245)
Utilizing a vector with two T-DNAs is the basis for an effective approach to generate marker-free plants. It allows for the TDNA with the traits of interest (T-DNA I) and the T-DNA encoding the selectable marker (T-DNA II) to be inserted into two independent loci within the genome of the plant. Following selection of the transformants, the inserted T-DNA encoding the selectable marker can be segregated from progeny through subsequent traditional breeding and genetic selection processes, while the inserted T-DNA containing the trait(s) of interest is maintained resulting in an LMO that marker-free and contains only the Cry expression cassette.

DNA insert from MON-87411-9 (vector PV-ZMIR10871)
Upon transcription of the Snf7 RNAi suppression cassette, a hairpin RNA will be formed with double stranded secondary structure and then an RNA interference response will be triggered. The hairpin RNA will complex with DICER, which will cleave the hairpin RNA into small interfering RNA of 21 to 24 nucleotides in length. Following this, these double stranded small interfering RNAs will then associate with ARGONAUTE, which will unwind the duplex, leaving one strand associated with ARGONAUTE. This protein-RNA complex is now the activated RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which will then use the remaining strand of small interfering RNA as a guide to target messenger RNA that has sequence homology to it. Thus, the cellular response is directed at messenger RNA encoding full-length Snf7, resulting in degradation of the mRNA, reduction in the overall translation of the protein and silencing of expression of the endogenous Snf7 gene.
EN