Cassava modified for high starch yield, increased photosynthetic capacity, and ACMV resistance | BCH-LMO-SCBD-114706 | Living Modified Organism | Biosafety Clearing-House

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last updated: 20 May 2019
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Cassava modified for high starch yield, increased photosynthetic capacity, and ACMV resistance
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Not available
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The cassava has been modified to elevate the storage root yield, increase photosynthesis, and have RNA interference-mediated resistance to African Cassava Mosaic Virus (ACMV). The expression of PsGPT, AtNTT, AtOEP7, and ScKxK2 promote starch biosynthesis in the amyloplasts through the production and abundance of both ATP and glucose-6-phosphate precursors. The cassava also has been modified for increased photosynthetic capacity via EcGlyDH, which creates a photorespiratory bypass, a chimeric RCase, which confers heat tolerance, and AtTMT1, which increases expression of photosynthetic genes. The plant is also resistant to ACMV through the production of hairpin RNA targeting AC1, mediating an RNA interference against the virus and preventing viral replication.
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The term “Recipient organism” refers to an organism (either already modified or non-modified) that was subjected to genetic modification, whereas “Parental organisms” refers to those that were involved in cross breeding or cell fusion.
Cultivar 60444
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  • Cassava modified for high starch yield, increased photosynthetic capacity, and ACMV resistance
    | International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA) | Changes in physiology and/or production (Growth rate, Yield), Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates), Increased photosynthetic rate, Resistance to antibiotics (Hygromycin), Resistance to diseases and pests (Viruses), Selectable marker genes and reporter genes, Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)
  • Cassava modified for increased starch yield, elevated photosynthesis, and ACMV resistance
    | International Institute of Tropical Agriculture(IITA) | Changes in physiology and/or production (Growth rate, Yield), Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates), Increased photosynthetic rate, Resistance to antibiotics (Hygromycin), Resistance to diseases and pests (Viruses), Selectable marker genes and reporter genes
Characteristics of the modification process
p134GG
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  • Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer
Some of these genetic elements may be present as fragments or truncated forms. Please see notes below, where applicable.
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100270-6 Nopaline Synthase Gene Promoter | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-14991-8 Hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene | Escherichia coli (ECOLX)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to antibiotics (Hygromycin),Selectable marker genes and reporter genes
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100290-6 CaMV 35S terminator | Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114674-3 Granule Bound Starch Synthase 1 Promoter | Manihot esculenta (Cassava, Brazilian arrowroot, Yuca, Manioc, Mandioca, MANES)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-110671-1 Glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate-translocator gene | Pisum sativum (Garden pea, PEA)
    Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Yield),Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100269-8 Nopaline Synthase Gene Terminator | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114675-1 Solanum tuberosum Soluble Starch Synthase 3 promoter | Solanum tuberosum (Potato, SOLTU)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114698-2 CMV1 5' Untranslated region | Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
    5' Untranslated region
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114676-2 Nucleoside Triphosphate Translocator 1 | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Yield),Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-103774-1 Mannopine synthase gene terminator | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-106426-1 Phosphorylase-L gene promoter | Solanum tuberosum (Potato, SOLTU)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114677-2 Outer envelope protein 7 5' untranslated region | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Transit signal
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114678-1 Hexokinase-2 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast, YEASX)
    Protein coding sequence | Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114701-3 3' Untranslated region of Histone 4 | Solanum tuberosum (Potato, SOLTU)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-111315-1 L700 promoter | Solanum tuberosum (Potato, SOLTU)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-104820-3 Omega 5' untranslated leader | Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
    Leader
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-106247-1 Chloroplast Transit Peptide | Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco, TOBAC )
    Transit signal
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114683-3 Recombinant glycolate dehydrogenase (fused subunits DEF) | Escherichia coli (ECOLX)
    Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Yield),Changes in quality and/or metabolite content (Carbohydrates),Changes to photosynthesis and photorespiration,Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-100271-5 Octopine Synthase Gene Terminator | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114684-1 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit 3B promoter | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114699-2 5' Untranslated region from Potato Virus X | Potato virus X (PVX)
    5' Untranslated Region
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114686-2 Tonoplast Monosaccharide Transporter 1 | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Protein coding sequence | Altered photosynthesis,Changes in physiology and/or production (Growth rate, Photoperiod response, Yield)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-103067-9 Transcript 7 gene 3' untranslated region | Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Agrobacterium)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114687-1 Chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 promoter | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114700-2 BSMV 5' untranslated region | Barley stripe mosaic virus (Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus; Barley false stripe virus; Barley mosaic virus; Barley mild stripe virus; Oat stripe mosaic virus)
    Leader
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114695-4 Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiania tabacum chimeric Rubisco activase | Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco, TOBAC )
    Protein coding sequence | Changes in physiology and/or production (Growth rate, Yield),Increased photosynthetic rate,Tolerance to abiotic stress (Cold / Heat)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114702-1 ATPase terminator | Solanum lycopersicum (Tomato, SOLLC)
    Terminator
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114703-1 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit 2B promoter | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Promoter
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-114697-1 Replication Associated Gene | African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV)
    Protein coding sequence | Resistance to diseases and pests (Viruses)
  • BCH-GENE-SCBD-104646-4 Histone H4 gene 3' UTR | Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress, Mouse-ear cress, Arabidopsis, ARATH)
    Terminator
Overexpression of PsGPT and AtNTT1 in roots:
The Pisum sativum Glucose 6-phosphate/Phosphate Translocator (PsGPT) is under the control of the Manihot esculenta Granule Bound Starch Synthase 1 promoter and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator.  Note: PsGPT contains both the 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and the coding sequence.

Arabidopsis thaliana Nucleoside Triphoisphate Translocator 1 (AtNTT1) is transcribed from Solanum tuberosum Soluble Starch Synthase 3 promoter and the corresponding transcript is translated from the Cucumber Mosaic Virus 1 5' UTR. Transcription and translation terminate at the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of A. tumefaciens mannopine synthase.

PsGPT codes for a membrane-bound translocator that transports glucose-6-phosphate into the amyloplasts. Similarly, AtNTT1 encodes a translocator for transporting ATP into the amyloplasts. Starch biosynthesis is dependent on the presence of both glucose-6-phosphate and ATP. Thus, PsGPT and AtNTT1 together promote starch biosynthesis in the amyloplasts, leading to a greater accumulation of starch in the storage roots of the cassava plants.

Overexpression of AtOEP7 and ScHxK2 in roots:
The expression of the A. thaliana Outer Envelope Protein 7 (AtOEP7) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hexokinase 2 (ScHxK2) are under the control of the
S. tuberosum Starch phosphorylase promoter and the S. tuberosum Histone 4 3' UTR. AtOEP7, which is fused to ScHxK2, anchors it to the amyloplast membrane. ScHxK2 has the ability to phosphorylate glucose, creating a high concentration of glucose-6-phosphate in vicinity of the amyloplasts and increasing the uptake of glucose-6-phosphate by the amyloplasts. The increase in glucose-6-phosphate then increases starch biosynthesis.
Note: AtOEP7 also contains the 5' UTR.

Overexpression of EcGlyDH in leaves:
Escherichia coli Glycolate dehydrogenase (EcGlyDH) is a fusion of subunits D, E, and F. Transcription starts from Solanum tuberosum leaf specific 1 promoter, translation initiates from the 5' UTR of Tobacco Mosaic Virus, and termination occurs at the A. tumefaciens octopine synthase 3' UTR. The protein product is directed towards the chloroplast by the N. tabacum chloroplast transit peptide

Elevated temperatures increase the likelihood of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-caboxylase/-oxygenase (Rubisco) binding oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, which creates toxic 2-phosphoglycolate instead of 3-phosphoglycerate. In an ineffeicient and costly process termed photorespiration, 2-phosphoglycolate is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate. To mitigate the adverse effects of photorespiration, EcGlyDH acts as a bypass, creating carbon dioxide and glycerate from 2-phosphoglycolate in the plastids. The photorespiratory bypass increases photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in increased sugar and starch levels in the modified plant.

Overexpression of AtTMT1 in leaves:
A. thaliana Tonoplast Monosaccharide Transporter 1 (AtTMT1) is under transcriptional control of A. thaliana Rubsico Small Subunit 3B promoter, translational control of Potato Virus X 5' UTR, and A. tumefaciens Gene 7 terminator. AtTMT1 encodes a membrane protein responsible for transferring glucose from the cytosol into vacuole. Overexpression of AtTMT1 leads to an increased expression of photosynthetic genes, a decrease in sugar consumption for cellular respiration, a reduction of nocturnal carbon dioxide loss, and increased export capacity of sugars from the leaves. Elevated photosynthetic carbon fixation and sugar export to the roots, leads to increased yield.

Overexpression of chimeric Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum RCase in Cassava leaves:
The chimeric A. thaliana-N. tabacum Rubisco activase (RCase) is under the control of the A. thaliana chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1 promoter, the 5' UTR from Barely Stripe Mosaic Virus, and the Solanum lycopersicum ATPase terminator. Under heat stress, photosynthetic rates decrease due to the rate of deactivation of Rubisco exceeding the rate of RCase activity. To convey heat tolerance, the overexpression of thermostable chimeric RCase restores high photosynthetic rates at high temperatures and leads to an overall increase of storage root yield.

RNA interference targeting ACMV:
The RNA interference (RNAi) cassette targets the African Cassava Mosaic Virus replication associated gene (AC1) through the production of hairpin RNA (hpRNA). Transcription commences from the A. thaliana Rubisco small subunit 2B promoter and transcribes an inverted repeat of sequences complementary to AC1, before terminating at the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S terminator (CaMV 35 terminator). After transcription, the inverted repeat base pairs to form the hpRNA structure. The hairpin structure is similar to double stranded RNA, which then proceeds to elicit an RNAi response in the host plant. Following processing of the hpRNA, the host's RNAi proteins target viral transcripts with complementary base pairs to the AC1 inverted repeats. Thus, the RNAi response prevents viral replication and infection via the destruction of AC1, a gene essential for viral replication.

Selectable marker:
For the selection of transformed embryos, hygromycin B was used. E. coli Hygromycin B phosphotransferase is under the control of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase promoter and the CaMV 35 terminator. The protein detoxifies the antibiotic, allowing for sustained growth on the regeneration media.
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LMO characteristics
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  • Food
  • Research
Detection method(s)
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Additional Information
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